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Chemistry Physics Mathematics personal tuitions ( also Home Tuitions / Coaching by Home Tutor with personal Attention ) are available in the Bannerghatta Road IIM ( south Bangalore ) region.
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Students staying in J P Nagar, Bommanahalli, Nayak Layout, Poornima Nagar, Aradhana Layout, Shreyas Colony, Devarachikkahalli, Rukmaiah Layout, Viswapriya Nagar, Akshayanagar, Omkar Nagar, BTM, Shanthiniketan Layout, Madivala, Teacher’s Colony, Hogasandra, MICO Layout, Fortis Hospital, Anjanadri Layout, Apollo Hospital, Royal Lake Front, Royal Residency, Jayanagar, Vijaya Enclave, Sundaram Shetty Nagar, Duo Heights, Arekere, Begur Road, L&T South city, Dollar colony, Brigade Millennium, Kumaraswami Layout, Jarganahalli, Bendre Nagar, Srinidhi Layout, Mysore Bank Colony, Ramaiah Garden, Nobo Nagar, Adigas Restaurant Bannerghatta Road, Shankranthi Layout, Sarvabhouma Nagar, BTS Layout, Ayyappa Temple Shoba Apartments, Anugraha Layout, Neo Layout, Mahaveer Rhyolities, Akshaya Nagar, DLF Extention, new Dollar Colony, etc can easily access this.
The schools and Institutions near by are Mitra Academy, St Pauls – Presidency School and College, Clarence High School, PSBB, Ryan International School, Sarala Birla Academy, BGS NPS,Brigade school, Shantiniketan, MG Infant, Deeksha Hosur Road, Nightingles English Highschool, Sri Venkateshwara Education Society, Oxford Engineering College, Lorven International Institute, Hill Top School, Karnataka Govt. High School, Christ Academy Hulahalli Koppa Road, Salonee School, Royal Convent School, St Francis School, Teresa Public School, Maaruthi Magnolia etc.
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Simplified Knowledge Management Classes
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e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book–e-Book–e-Book–e-Book
Download the following FREE pdf e-Books ( Chapter wise / Topic wise solutions, Written by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore )
IIT-JEE, NCERT / CBSE, I.Sc., PU, Board exam, EAMCET, BITS Chemistry Books with lots of Examples ( Free pdf download of Chemistry Books, Chapter wise / Topic wise Questions and Solutions )
8 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chemistry Survival Guide-Stoichiometry Titration by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Stoichiometry Titration ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc., CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Chemistry Survival Guide-Stoichiometry Titration by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II COMED-K CEE IGCSE IB AP-Chemistry, CET, VIT, Manipal, SRM and other exams.
This e-Book covers several examples of Stoichiometry Titrations, Heating effects in several salts, colours or colors of the precipitates, Empirical formulae calculation, Limiting reagents, Titration examples, Equivalent weight, milli-equivalent weight, What mass or moles is reacting with how much ? How much is oxidised ? How much is Reduced ? Several Complicated examples and many more, and various incomplete dictionary kinds of collection for Course of IIT-JEE, CET, COMED-K etc with CBSE, CEE, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Stoichiometry Titration by Prof. Subhashish
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7 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chemistry Survival Guide-Redox Reactions by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Redox Reactions ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc., CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Chemistry Survival Guide-Redox Reactions by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Chemistry, CET, VIT, Manipal, SRM and other exams.
This e-Book covers more than 60 examples of Redox Reactions, Several Complicated examples and many more, and various incomplete dictionary kinds of collection for Course of IIT-JEE, CET, etc with CBSE, CEE, COMED-K IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Redox Reactions by Prof. Subhashish
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6 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chemistry Survival Guide-Electrochemistry by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Electrochemistry ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc., CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Chemistry Survival Guide-Electrochemistry by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Chemistry, CET, VIT, Manipal, SRM and other exams.
This e-Book covers Electrochemistry, Oxidation Potential, Reduction Potential, Electrode Potential, Reactivity Series, Battery, Nernst Equation, Variation of Voltage with concentration, Electrolyte, Electrolysis, Salt Bridge, Daniel Cell, Primary Cell, Secondary Cell, Galvanic Cell, Electrolytic Cell, Conductivity, Kohlrausch’s Law and many more, and various incomplete dictionary kinds of collection for Course of IIT-JEE, CET, COMED-K etc with CBSE, CEE, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-ElectroChemistry by Prof. Subhashish
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5 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Organic Chemistry Survival Guide-Reduction Methods by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Reduction Methods ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc., CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Organic Chemistry Survival Guide-Reduction Methods by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II COMED-K CEE IGCSE IB AP-Chemistry, CET, VIT, Manipal, SRM and other exams.
This e-Book covers Various kinds of Reduction Methods in Organic Chemistry. Covers Gilmann’s Reagent, Grignard Reagent, Trimethyl Silyl Iodide, Silyl Wittig Reaction, Hydrogen with Ni, Zn, Pd Palladium, Bakers Yeast, Wolf Kishner, Wilkinson’s Catalyst, Birch Reduction, Lindlar’s Catalyst, Benkeser Reduction, Reduction with HCO2H, Sodium Boro Hydride NaBH4, Veils Meier Reaction, Luche’s Reagent, Super Hydride, Sodium Cyno boro hydride, Dibal H, Adams Catalyst, Rosen Mund Reduction, Various Lithium Aluminium Hydrides, NaNH2, and many more, and various incomplete dictionary kinds of collection for Course of IIT-JEE, CET, COMED-K etc with CBSE, CEE, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Organic Chem Survival Guide-Reduction methods by Prof. Subhashish
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4 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Organic Chemistry Survival Guide-Oxidation Methods by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Oxidation Methods ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc., CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Organic Chemistry Survival Guide-Oxidation Methods by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II COMED-K CEE IGCSE IB AP-Chemistry, CET, VIT, Manipal, SRM and other exams.
This e-Book covers Various kinds of Oxidation Methods in Organic Chemistry. Covers Sarett’s Reagent, PCC, Chromium Oxide, Osmium Oxide, Manganese Oxide, Silver oxides, Ruthenuim Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, Selenium dioxide, KMnO4, Jones, Julia Colonna, DCC, Corey’s, Moffats, Ley Oxidation, MPV, Fetizon, Frmy’s Salt, Elbs Persulphate Oxidation, Sodiumperiodate, Palladium Chloride, Copper Chloride, Sharpless epoxidation, and many more, and various incomplete dictionary kinds of collection for Course of IIT-JEE, CET, etc with CBSE, COMED-K CEE, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions.Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Organic Chem Survival Guide-Oxidation methods by Prof. Subhashish
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3 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Bonds & Structure by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Bonds & Structures ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc., CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Bonds & Structures by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Chemistry, CET, VIT, Manipal, SRM and other exams.
This e-Book covers Various kinds of Bonds and Structures in Chemistry. Covers Sigma, Pi, Delta, Back Bonding, Coordinate or Dative Bond, Eta Bond, Hydrogen Bond, London forces, and many more, and various incomplete dictionary kinds of collection for Course of IIT-JEE, CET, etc with CBSE, CEE, COMED-K IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions.Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Bonds & Structure by Prof. Subhashish
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2 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Elements & Properties by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Elements & Properties ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc., CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Elements & Properties by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Chemistry, CET, VIT, Manipal, SRM and other exams.
This e-Book covers Elements & Their Properties in Chemistry. Covers the discoveries by spectral Analysis, Named after smell, places, people etc. Various compounds, tests, properties, and various incomplete dictionary kinds of collection for Course of IIT-JEE, CET, etc with CBSE, CEE, COMED-K IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions.Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Elements & Properties by Prof. Subhashish
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1 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Empirical Formulae by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Empirical Formulae ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc., CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Empirical Formulae by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Chemistry, CET, VIT, Manipal, SRM and other exams.
This e-Book covers various kinds of Empirical Equations in Chemistry. These equations are formed by experiments, and graph plotting. In some rare cases the Theory was developed later. Covers Slater’s rule, Shielding, Finding Electronegativity values by Allred and Rochow’s empirical formula, Moseley’s Law, Trouton’s law, Einstein-Debey equation (Dulong & Petit), Reynolds number, Raoult’s law, Variation of viscosity with temperature, Arrhenius model, Williams-Landel-Ferry model, Masuko and Magill model, Walther formula, Wright model, Seeton model, Variation of surface tension with temperature, Eotvos equation, Guggenheim-Katayama equation, Debye-Huckel-Onsager theory of conductivity of ions in dilute solutions, Liquid drop model of Nucleus, Nuclear Shell Model, Ionic character percentage of a diatomic molecule, and various incomplete dictionary kinds of collection for Course of IIT-JEE, CET, COMED-K etc with CBSE, CEE, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions.Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Chem Survival Guide-Empirical Formulae by Prof. Subhashish
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IIT-JEE, NCERT / CBSE, I.Sc., PU, Board exam, EAMCET, BITS Math Books with lots of Questions and Solutions, Examples ( Free pdf download of Math Books, Chapter wise / Topic wise Solutions )
11 ] CBSE 11 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Circles Coordinate Geometry by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Circles Coordinate Geometry” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Circles Coordinate Geometry by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore. Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers Circles Coordinate Geometry with lots of Video explanations. The classroom teaching videos can be seen by clicking on the given links. The videos can be downloaded also. Hundreds of tricky problems solved. Rules / Tricks / Properties of Circles Coordinate Geometry, with CBSE, COMED-K, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 11 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Circles by Prof. Subhashish
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10 ] CBSE 11 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Straight Lines Coordinate Geometry by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Lines Coordinate Geometry” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Lines Coordinate Geometry by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore. Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers Straight Lines Coordinate Geometry with lots of Video explanations. The classroom teaching videos can be seen by clicking on the given links. The videos can be downloaded also. Hundreds of tricky problems solved. Rules / Tricks / Properties of Straight Lines Coordinate Geometry, with CBSE, COMED-K, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 11 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Straight Lines by Prof. Subhashish
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9 ] CBSE 11 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Complex Numbers or Imaginary Numbers by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Complex Numbers or Imaginary Numbers” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Complex Numbers or Imaginary Numbers by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore. Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers Complex Numbers or Imaginary Numbers with lots of Video explanations. The classroom teaching videos can be seen by clicking on the given links. The videos can be downloaded also. Hundreds of tricky problems solved. Rules / Tricks / Properties of Complex Numbers or Imaginary Numbers, with CBSE, COMED-K, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 11 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Complex Number by Prof. Subhashish
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8 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Quadratic Equations by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Quadratic Equations” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Quadratic Equation by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore. Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers Quadratic Equations with lots of Video explanations. The classroom teaching videos can be seen by clicking on the given links. The videos can be downloaded also. Hundreds of tricky problems solved. Rules / Tricks / Properties of Quadratic Equations, with CBSE, COMED-K, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 11 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Quadratic Equation by Prof. Subhashish
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7 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Continuity and Differentiability by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Continuity & Differentiability” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Continuity and Differentiability by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore. Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers Continuity and Differentiability with lots of Video explanations. The classroom teaching videos can be seen by clicking on the given links. The videos can be downloaded also. Hundreds of tricky problems solved. Rules / Tricks / Properties of Continuity and Differentiability, with CBSE, COMED-K, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Continuity & Differentiability by Prof. Subhashish
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6 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Relations and Functions by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Relations & Functions” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Relations and Functions by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers Relations and Functions with lots of Video explanations. The classroom teaching videos can be seen by clicking on the given links. The videos can be downloaded also. Hundreds of tricky problems solved. Rules / Tricks / Properties of Relations and Functions, with CBSE, COMED-K, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Relations & Functions by Prof. Subhashish
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5 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Graphs and Functions by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Graphs & Functions” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Graphs and Functions by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers Graphs and Functions with lots of Video explanations. The classroom teaching videos can be seen by clicking on the given links. The videos can be downloaded also. Hundreds of tricky problems solved. Rules / Tricks / Properties of Graphs and Functions, with CBSE, CET, CEE, COMED-K IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Functions & Graphs by Prof. Subhashish
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4 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Indefinite Integrals by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Indefinite Integrals & Calculus” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Indefinite Integrals by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers Indefinite Integrals with lots of Video explanations. The classroom teaching videos can be seen by clicking on the given links. The videos can be downloaded also. Hundreds of tricky problems solved. Rules / Tricks / Properties of Indefinite Integrals, with CBSE, CEE, COMED-K IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions. Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Indefinite Integrals by Prof. Subhashish
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3 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Area & Volume by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Area and Volume ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 and IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Area and Volume by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
This e-Book covers various kinds of graphs, such as graph of Ln x, ( ln x )/x, x Ln x, floor x [ x ] , Shifting of graphs, roots of Quadratic, cubic, and other higher powers of x ( polynomials ), asymptotes, ( How to find Asymptotes ) etc. Volume by revolution and hundreds of Area problems of IIT-JEE, CET, etc with CBSE, CEE, COMED-K IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions.Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Area & Volume by Prof. Subhashish
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2 ] CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Definite Integrals by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Definite Integrals ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Definite Integrals by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Definite Integrals by Prof. Subhashish
This e-Book covers Definite Integrals with [ x ] greatest integer functions, { x } fraction function, Max and Min functions. Gamma function, Beta function, Integration after converting to Complex number, Leibnitz forms of Differentiating Integrals, L Hospital’s rule applied to limits with Integrals, Inequalities of Integrals, Rules / Tricks / Properties of Definite Integrals, with CBSE, CET CEE COMED-K, IIT-JEE ( Main and Advanced ) Problems and Solutions.Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
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1 ] CBSE 12 Math Survival Guide-Differential Equations by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Description – “Spoon Feeding Differential Equations ” for IIT-JEE, I.Sc. , CBSE, Karnataka PU, State Boards etc. CBSE Standard 12 Math Survival Guide-Differential Equations by Prof. Subhashish Chattopadhyay SKMClasses Bangalore Useful for I.Sc. PU-II CET CEE COMED-K IGCSE IB AP-Mathematics and other exams.
CBSE 12 & IIT-JEE Math Survival Guide-Differential Equations by Prof. Subhashish
This e-Book covers all kinds of Differential equations, and methods to solve them. There is a priority checklist for the approach to be taken for solving the problems. Covers ISc, CBSE. CET CEE COMED-K, IIT-JEE problems, Linear, Homogeneous, Variable separable by substitution, Exact, Reducible to exact, Bernoulli, Integrating Factors or Multiplying Factors, even Clairaut’s Differential Equations ( IIT-JEE 1999, Bihar CEE 1999 ). Includes NCERT / CBSE Text Book Solutions, Chapter wise Solutions, AIEEE ( Now known as IIT-JEE main ) Solutions, Roorkey Entrance Exam Solutions, EAMCET Solutions. R D Sharma Solutions, R S Aggarwal’s Solutions.
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https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/some-points-which-i-wish-all-my-new-prospective-students-know/
Many more free pdf e-Books are available at (such as H C Verma Concepts of Physics Solutions)
1 ] A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry by Peter Sykes
A_GUIDE_BOOK_TO_MECHANISM_IN_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY
2 ] Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations 2005
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations 2005
3 ] Linear Algebra For Dummies
4 ] Calculus Workbook For Dummies
5 ] Differential Equations For Dummies
Differential_Equations_For_Dummies
6 ] Linear Algebra by Jim Hefferon
7 ] Mathematics – Puzzles from around the world
Mathematics—Puzzles-from-around-the-world
8 ] Graph Theory by Reinhard Diestel
9 ] Electronics for Dummies
10 ] Electronics Projects for Dummies
Electronics Projects For Dummies
11 ] Physics For Dummies
12 ] Physics Workbook For Dummies
13 ] Inorganic Chemistry James E. House
Inorganic Chemistry James E. House
14 ] Inorganic Chemistry by Cox
15 ] Inorganic Chemistry 5th Edition Miessler
Inorganic Chemistry 5th Edition Miessler
16 ] Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Solomon
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry Solomon
17 ] Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments
Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments
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e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book-e-Book–e-Book
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Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay is providing a Social Service for all in Bangalore, to advertise for Free
If you want to sell your Car, why do you have to pay 2% to a Broker or to a website ?
You can advertise for free to sell your Car at free4u.info
Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay is providing a Social Service for all in Bangalore, to advertise for Free
If you are looking for Organ Donation, where do you ask ? Where do you want to put up your requirements ? Do you give costly ads ?
You can advertise or Post Classifieds for free at free4u.info
Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay is providing a Social Service for all in Bangalore, to advertise for Free. Post all kinds of Classified ads and Requirements for FREE.
If you are a Tutor, or a Shopkeeper, or a Teacher, or a Cook, or a Gardener, or a Dog Trainer ….. or something something something….. How can you afford costly ads ? Post your requirements for free at free4u.info Advertise yourself free at free4u.info Doing a garage sell …. Tell all for free at free4u.info
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Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay is providing a Social Service for all in Bangalore, to advertise for Free. Post all kinds of Classified ads and Requirements for FREE. Following Categories and Subcategories will surely help you. This is not an exhaustive list. You can give general requirements as well. Post all your skills. Post all your needs. Looking for a job ? You can post your profile as well.
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Some call this a FREE listing sites free4u.info
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Bike ( Want to sell your Bike ? Want a Buyer ? Advertise for free at free4u.info )
Books
Physical Chemistry
1 ) Physical Chemistry in Brief by Prof. Ing. Anatol Malijevsk´y for IIT JEE Standard 11 – 12 CBSE ISc
General Chemistry
1 ) The Basics of General, Organic and Biological Chemistry for IIT JEE Standard 11 – 12 CBSE
2 ) General Chemistry Principles, Patterns and Applications for IIT JEE Standard 11 – 12 CBSE
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
you will get most videos. I say most because I do not upload all videos that I make. I have many more videos which are not in the net.
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/accolades-and-appreciations-received-from-students-and-parents/
3 ) The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments
Organic Chemistry
1 ) Introduction to Organic Chemistry by William Brown, Thomas Poon for IIT JEE Standard 11 – 12 CBSE
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-3d-geometry-solutions/
2 ) Organic Chemistry By Robert Hoffman for IIT JEE Standard 11 – 12 CBSE
3 ) Art of Problem Solving in Organic Chemistry, The, Second Edition – Alonso-Amelot, Miguel for IIT JEE Standard 11 – 12 CBSE
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-algebra/
4 ) Wade Organic Chemistry
Wade Organic Chemistry Solutions
Inorganic Chemistry
1 ) Inorganic Chemistry by James E. House for IIT JEE Standard 11 – 12 CBSE
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-optics/
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-calculus/
2 ) Inorganic Chemistry Miessler for IIT JEE Standard 11 – 12 CBSE
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-complex-number/
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/complex-number-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes-south-bangalore/
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-determinant-and-matrices/
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/circular-motion-problems-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes/
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-electromagnetics/
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/combinatorics-permutation-combination-for-iit-jee-cbse/
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Physics Books & Solutions
Prof. H C Verma Concepts of Physics Part 1 Solutions
Chapter 1 Solutions to Basic Concepts Introduction to Physics Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/circular-motion-problems-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes/
Chapter 2 Physics and Mathematics Vectors Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 3 Rest and Motion Kinematics Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/complex-number-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes-south-bangalore/
Chapter 4 The Forces Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/complex-number-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes-south-bangalore/
Chapter 5 Newton’s Laws of Motion Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 6 Friction Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 7 Circular Motion Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 8 Work and Energy Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/cbse-standard-12-chemistry-polymers-chapter-15-ncert/
Chapter 9 Center of Mass, Linear Momentum, Collision Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 10 Rotational Mechanics Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 11 Gravitation Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 12 Simple Harmonic Motion Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 13 Fluid Mechanics Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 14 Some Mechanical Properties of Matter Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/accolades-and-appreciations-received-from-students-and-parents/
Chapter 15 Wave Motion and Waves on a String Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
you will get most videos. I say most because I do not upload all videos that I make. I have many more videos which are not in the net.
Chapter 16 Sound Waves Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/combinatorics-permutation-combination-for-iit-jee-cbse/
Chapter 17 Light Waves Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/circular-motion-problems-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes/
Chapter 18 Geometrical Optics Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 19 Optical Instruments Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/complex-number-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes-south-bangalore/
Chapter 20 Dispersion and Spectra Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/complex-number-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes-south-bangalore/
Chapter 21 Speed of Light Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 22 Photometry Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Prof. H C Verma Concepts of Physics Part 2 Solutions
Chapter 23 Heat and Temperature Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 24 Kinetic Theory of Gases Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/cbse-standard-12-chemistry-polymers-chapter-15-ncert/
Chapter 25 Calorimetry Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=2B92F809BA617279!166&authkey=!ALUbGfqQ–0vpfw&ithint=file%2cpdf
Chapter 26 Laws of Thermodynamics Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 27 Specific Heat Capacities of Gases Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 28 Heat Transfer Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 29 Electric Field and Potential Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 30 Gauss’s Law Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/accolades-and-appreciations-received-from-students-and-parents/
Chapter 31 Capacitors Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
you will get most videos. I say most because I do not upload all videos that I make. I have many more videos which are not in the net.
Chapter 32 Electric Current in Conductors Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/combinatorics-permutation-combination-for-iit-jee-cbse/
Chapter 33 Thermal and Chemical Effects of Electric Current Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/circular-motion-problems-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes/
Chapter 34 Magnetic Field Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 35 Magnetic Field due to a Current Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/complex-number-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes-south-bangalore/
Chapter 36 Permanent Magnets Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/complex-number-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes-south-bangalore/
Chapter 37 Magnetic Properties of Matter Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 38 Electromagnetic Induction Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 39 Alternating Current Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 40 Electromagnetic Waves Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/cbse-standard-12-chemistry-polymers-chapter-15-ncert/
Chapter 41 Electric Current through Gases Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 42 Photo Electric Effect and Wave Particle Duality Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 43 Bohr’s Model and Physics of the Atom Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 44 X Rays Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 45 Semiconductors and Semi Conductor Devices Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
Chapter 46 The Nucleus Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
you will get most videos. I say most because I do not upload all videos that I make. I have many more videos which are not in the net.
Chapter 47 Special Theory of Relativity Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma
https://onedrive.live.com/redir?resid=2B92F809BA617279!144&authkey=!APAD9EJ–skSUbs&ithint=file%2cpdf
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/accolades-and-appreciations-received-from-students-and-parents/
Concepts of Physics By Prof. H C Verma Solutions are above
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Physics Books
1 ) A Guide to Physics Problems Part 1 – Mechanics, Relativity, and Electrodynamics – Cahn S., Nadgorny B
2 ) A Guide to Physics Problems. Part 2. Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics, and Quantum Mechanics -S.Cahn, B.Nadgorny
3 ) Essential Physics by Frank Firk
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The following Videos are available for you ( As of Now ). These explain tricky Physics and Mathematics Numericals.
Eventually I will try to give Videos for full course here for you.
These covers PU ( Pre University courses, school / college ) courses, IIT JEE, AIEEE ( All India Engineering Entrance Examination ) , CET ( Combined Engineering Test ), AIPMT ( All India Pre Medical Test ), ISc ( Intermediate Science / Indian School Certificate Exam ), CBSE ( Central Board Secondary Exam ), Roorkey Joint Entrance Test Questions ( Discontinued since 2002 ), APhO ( Asian Physics Olympiad ), IPhO ( International Physics Olympiad ), IMO ( International Mathematics Olympiad ) , NSEP ( National Standard Exam in Physics ), RMO ( Regional Math Olympiad , India ), INMO ( Indian National Maths Olympiad ), Irodov Solutions, Prof. H C Verma ( Concepts of Physics ) Solutions etc.
( You can see the history of Indian Participation in various Olympiads at ->
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/indian-participation-in-ipho-icho-ibo-and-astronomy-olympiad/ )
[ In each of these videos there is at-least 1 or more errors. Please tell me about those ]
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
You should get to see all the Uploaded videos. Though we have many more study videos.
Thanks and Regards
Zookeeper ;-D Subhashish Chattopadhyay
[ I suggest you see the videos starting with 1- first then starting with 2- ….. in that sequence. ]
[ Tell your friends about this link if you liked the videos ]
In case of doubts or suggestions, Please send me email at mokshya@gmail.com
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
Science Books
1 ) A History Of Science ( Volume 1 )
2 ) A History Of Science ( Volume 2 )
3 ) A History Of Science ( Volume 3 )
4 ) A History Of Science ( Volume 4 )
Answers to -> Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) [ commonly asked intelligent Questions ]
1 ) How do I prepare for IIT ?
Ans : – See the videos made by me ( search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
Though we have many more which have not been uploaded ). While watching the videos, take notes and try to solve the problems yourself by pausing the video. Tell me if any calculation is wrong. See the videos with 1- first then 2- and so on. Write to IAPT Kothrud, Pune office to buy ( 150 Rs approx ) the book with previous papers of NSEP ( National Standard Exam in Physics – The 1st level ), INPhO ( Indian National Physics Olympiad – 2nd level ). Prepare with these and see how much you are scoring. You can guess your ALL INDIA rank easily from NSEP, and INPhO rank. Since 1998 the IIT JEE toppers have been mostly representing India in IPhO.
Physics Book – Conservation Laws by Benjamin Crowell
Thevenin and Norton Theorems in Electrical Circuit Analysis
2 ) Which codec and Player do I use to see the videos ?
Ans : – You can use GOM Player, or VLC Player. You have to have good speakers with filters or good earphones with filters. We have checked mostly it is OK with these. ( If you are depending only on your embedded speakers of computer /screen / keyboard then there may be extra distortions. As these speakers are often not of good Quality. Also install latest KL Codecs ) In any case reduce the volume see the board, imagine sitting in the last bench and solving the problems of your own. See if your solution differs anywhere with the scribbles on the board.
Electricity and Magnetism by Benjamin Crowell
3 ) Why are you giving these ( high Quality ) lecture for free ?
Ans : Well there are lot of good things free in this world. Linux, My-SQL, Open-Office ….. Go to sourceforge and get thousands of high quality software free along with source code. Yes all officially free …. Why do you think Richard Stallman, Zimmerman, ….. etc are considered Guru philosophers ? In Punjab and Gurudwaras worldwide there are so many Langars where you get better food than Restaurants. ….. why ? Why do you have Dharmasalas and subsidized rest rooms near hospitals / Famous Temples / various places ? in Iftar party anyone can eat for free …. why ?
I am teaching for 24 years now and observed most students can do much better if they have the self motivation to solve and practice. Cheap books are available in second hand bookstalls, where you get thousands of Numericals to solve ….. but most students will like to blow their time going and coming for tuition, travel time …. TV for hours and hours watching cricket / Tennis games, playing computer games …. My free lectures are not going to make much difference in spending of unnecessary money for coaching ….. I know very well , how much people enjoy …. ! spending unnecessarily !!
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Do you know that there are NO poor / needy students in Bangalore.
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Sometime back I had tried to teach for IIT JEE FREE. Discussed with a few NGOs and social service guys. Arranged rooms but got only 1 student. We had informed many people in many ways to inform students …. We did not get students who are ready to learn for free. So I am sure these lectures are NOT FREE. If anyone learns from these, s/he changes and that’s the gain / benefit. This change ( due to learning ) is very costly …. Most do not want to learn ………..
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
You will get most videos. I say most because I do not upload all videos that I make. I have many more videos which are not in the net.
A Good Physics Equation Sheet
Electronics Books
1 ) Electronics for Dummies
2 ) Electronic Projects for Dummies
3 ) Flexible Electronics
4 ) How can I get all your lectures ?
Ans : – Apart from my lectures there are approx 700 GB of PCM ( Phy, Chem, Math ) lectures. It takes approx 3 years of continuous download from scattered sources. I have ( 20,000 )Thousands of these. You can take ALL of them from me in an external 1 TB hard disk, instead of spending so much money and time again for downloading. These cover ( by Various Professors ) everything of Chemistry, Physics, Maths… Lot of this is from outside India … as foreigners have much wider heart than Indians ( as most of GNU / open source software have been developed by Non-Indians ). I observed the gaps in these videos, and thus I am solving IIT, APhO, Roorkey, IPhO Numericals. Videos made by me along with these videos gives a complete preparation.
Send me a mail at mokshya@gmail.com to contact me.
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
You will get most videos. I say most because I do not upload all videos that I make. I have many more videos which are not in the net.
Electromagnetics by Herbert Neff
5 ) How do you get benefited out of this ?
Ans :- If anyone learns we all will have better people in this world. I will have better “ YOU “.
Modern Revolutions in Physics by Benjamin Crowell
6 ) Why do you call yourself a Zookeeper ?
Ans :- This is very nicely explained at https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/z00keeper-why-do-i-call-myself-a-zoookeeper/
Newtonian Physics by Benjamin Crowell
7 ) Where do you stay ?
Ans :- Presently I am in Bangalore.
Optics by Benjamin Crowell
8 ) If I need videos in a few topics can you make them for me ?
Ans :- Yes. You have to discuss the urgency with me. If I am convinced I will surely make these quickly for you and give you and ALL. I teach both Maths and Physics. So anything in these 2 subjects are welcome.
Physics for Dummies
9 ) Why did you write an article saying there are No Poor students ?
Ans :- There are lots of NGOs and others working for rural / poor children education at lower classes. While very less effort is on for std 9 till 12. Also see the answer in question number ( 3 ) above. In last 20 years of teaching I never met a Poor child who was seriously interested in ( higher ) studies. As I have a mind / thinking of a ” Physicist “, I go by ” Experimental Observation “.
It is not about what is being said about poor in media / TV etc, or ” what it should be ” ( ? ) …. It is about what I see happening. Also to add ( confuse ? you more )…. You must be knowing that in several states over many years now girl students have better ( by marks as well as by pass percentage ) result in std 10 / Board Exams….. well but NEVER a girl student came FIRST in IIT JEE … why ? [ The best rank by a Girl student is mostly in 2 digits, very rarely in single digit ] ????? So ????
Physics Workbook for Dummies
10 ) How much do I have to study to make it to IIT ?
Ans :- My experience of Teaching for IIT JEE since last 20 years, tells me, Total 200 hours per subject ( PCM ) is sufficient. If you see my Maths and Physics videos, each subject is more than 200 hours. So if someone sees all the videos diligently, takes notes and remembers, …… Done.
Physics for Scientists and Engineers
11 ) What is EAMCET ?
Ans :- Engineering Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test is conducted by JNT University Hyderabad on behalf of APSCHE. This examination is the gateway for entry into various professional courses offered in Government/Private Colleges in Andhra Pradesh.
Physics Newtons Laws of Motion
12 ) In your videos are you covering other Exams apart from IIT ?
Ans : – Yes. See many videos made by solving problems of MPPET, Rajasthan / J&K CET, UPSEAT ( UPES Engineering Aptitude Test ), MHCET, BCECE ( Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board ), WB JEE etc
SINGAPORE JUNIOR PHYSICS OLYMPIAD SPECIAL ROUND SAMPLE QUESTIONS
13 ) What is SCRA ?
Ans : – Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) exam is conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) board, for about 10 seats.That translates into an astonishing ratio of 1 selection per 10,000 applicants. The SCRA scheme was started in 1927 by the British, to select a handful of most intelligent Indians to assist them in their Railway Operations, after training at their Railway’s largest workshop, i.e. Jamalpur Workshop, and for one year in United Kingdom. The selected candidates were required to appear in the Mechanical Engineering Degree Exmination held by Engineering Council (London).
Thanks for your time. To become my friend in google+ ( search me as mokshya@gmail.com and send friend request )
Read http://edge.org/responses/what-scientific-concept-would-improve-everybodys-cognitive-toolkit
Variation of Vapour Pressure with temperature Clausius Clapeyron Equation
Temperature-Sea Levels-CO2-etc always have been fluctuating over ages-Global Warming
The following video is a must see for full CO2 cycle, plates of Earth, Geological activities, stability of weather
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIuoNtRBG4w
Article in Nature says CO2 increase is good for the trees
http://thegwpf.org/science-news/6086-co2-is-greening-the-planet-savannahs-soon-to-be-covered-by-forests.html
http://climaterealists.com/index.php?id=9752
Vibration and Waves by Benjamin Crowell
BBC documentary Crescent and Cross shows the 1000 years of fight between Christians and Muslims. Millions have been killed in the name of Religion. To decided whose GOD is better, and which GOD to follow. The fight continues.
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Summary of Women
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIpmML49hMU
The Virus of Faith
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scarHc8RA0g
The God delusion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVr9bJ8Sctk
cassiopeia facts about evolution
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7tQIB4UdiY
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Intermediate Fossil records shown and explained nicely Fossils, Genes, and Embryos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdpMrE7BdHQ
The Rise Of Narcissism In Women
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZHKCbHGlS0
13 type of women whom you should never court
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/man-woman/13-Women-you-should-never-court/articleshow/14637014.cms
Media teaching Misandry in India http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M2txSbOPIo
Summary of problems with women
http://problemwithwomentoday.blogspot.in/2009/12/problem-with-women-today-what-in-hell.html
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4V62rjMNL7A
Eyeopener men ? women only exists
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZAuqkqxk9A
Most unfortunate for men
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73fGqUwmOPg
Miracles for Sale
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuP5uOI7Xwc
The Enemies of Reason
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CyMglakWoo
Each of you is an Activist in some way or other. You are trying to propagate those thoughts, ideas that you feel concerned / excited about.
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Did you analyze your effectiveness ?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61qn7S9NCOs
Culturomics can help you
Why some temples become ” FAMOUS ” ? How you can be manipulated ? Luck for others ?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4mN33w5Ftw
see how biased women are. Experimental proof. Women are happy when they see another woman is beating a man ( see how women misbehave with men )
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlFAd4YdQks
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see detailed statistics at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lHmCN3MBMI
An eye opener in Misandry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YiTaDS_X6CU
My sincere advice would be to be EXTREMELY careful ( and preferably away ) of girls. As girls age; statistically certain behavior in them has been observed. Most Male can NOT manage those behaviors… Domestic violence, divorce etc are rising very fast. Almost in all cases boys / males are HUGE loosers. Be extremely choosy ( and think from several angles ) before even talking to a girl.
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/save-the-male/
How women manipulate men
http://www.angryharry.com/esWomenManipulateMen.htm
Gender Biased Laws in India
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/biased-laws/
Violence against Men
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLS2E-rRynE
Only men are victimised
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JA4EPRbWhQ
Men are BETTER than women
http://www.menarebetterthanwomen.com/
see http://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=T0xoKiH8JJM#!
Male Psychology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwxgavf2xWE
Women are more violent than men
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/women-are-more-violent-says-study-622388.html
Misandry in Media
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7U0r7vIrgM
In the year 2010, 168 men ended their lives everyday ( on average ). More husbands committed suicide than wives.
http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ncrb-stats-show-more-married-men-committing-suicide/20111028.htm
It is EXTREMELY unfortunate that media projects men as fools, women as superiors, Husbands as servants, and replaceable morons. In ad after ad worldwide from so many companies, similar msg to disintegrate the world is being bombarded. It is highly unacceptable misandry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oq14WHkFq30
It is NOT at all funny that media shows violence against MEN. Some advertisers are trying to create a new ” Socially acceptable culture ” of slapping Men ( by modern city women ). We ( all men ) take objection to these advertisements.
We oppose this Misandry bad culture. Please share to increase awareness against Men bashing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8ecN2rh0uU
Are you a nice person ? Just shout Wooooooooo , Eyye Eyye and enjoy to see someone in trouble ….
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Extension of Milgram Experiments – In a Mob also people become cruel step by step –
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scOJqyiYVtk
Think what are you doing … why are you doing ?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qp0HIF3SfI4
Every Man must know this …
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIFmQHJEG1M
Manginas, White Knights, & Other Chivalrous Dogs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXQDtBT70B8
!
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Solutions to Chapter 3 :
Must see https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/some-points-which-i-wish-all-my-new-prospective-students-know/
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The next chapter Solution is at https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/ncert-cbse-standard-12-chemical-kinetics-chapter-4-physical-chemistry/
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The previous chapter Solution is at https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/ncert-cbse-standard-12-solutions-chapter-2-physical-chemistry/
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The first Chapter Solution is at https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/ncert-cbse-standard-12-solid-state-chapter-1-physical-chemistry/
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Gyan Question :
Determine the standard potential of the Cu2+/Cu+ cell from two other standard cell potentials.
Eº(Cu2+/Cu) = +0.340V and Eº(Cu+/Cu) = +0.522 V.
Since Hess’ Law allows us to add Gibbs energies for the reactions to arrive at the Gibbs energy of the desired reaction, we should go via Gibbs energies. Convert our standard potentials into Gibbs energies, perform the addition and then convert back to a standard potential.
The two reactions that will occur are:
We cannot simply add the electrode potentials in this case because, the final reaction is still a half-reaction.
If the final reaction is a complete cell reaction, with no electrons remaining, then we can skip to just adding the cell potentials because the factor ν would be the same in all equations and hence, cancel out.
small
Discuss Disproportion of Iron
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Gyan Question
So Reaction not feasible as E(cell) is negative
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Gyan Question :
Q : What is carborundum ? Does it conduct electricity ?
Ans :
Silicon carbide, also known as carborundum, is a compound of silicon and carbon with chemical formula SiC. It occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite. Silicon carbide powder has been mass-produced since 1893 for use as an abrasive.
Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded together by sintering to form very hard ceramics that are widely used in applications requiring high endurance, such as car brakes, car clutches and ceramic plates in bulletproof vests. Electronic applications of silicon carbide as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and detectors in early radios were first demonstrated around 1907, and today SiC is widely used in high-temperature/high-voltage semiconductor electronics.
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The next chapter Solution is at https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/ncert-cbse-standard-12-chemical-kinetics-chapter-4-physical-chemistry/
!
The previous chapter Solution is at https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/ncert-cbse-standard-12-solutions-chapter-2-physical-chemistry/
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The first Chapter Solution is at https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/ncert-cbse-standard-12-solid-state-chapter-1-physical-chemistry/
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Hydrogen ( H ) is in the middle
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Chemical reactions can be used to produce electrical energy, conversely, electrical energy can be used to carry out chemical reactions that do not proceed spontaneously.
Electrochemistry is the study of production of electricity from energy released during spontaneous chemical reactions and the use of electrical energy to bring about non-spontaneous chemical transformations. The subject is of importance both for theoretical and practical considerations. A large number of metals, sodium hydroxide, chlorine, fluorine and many other chemicals are produced by electrochemical methods. Batteries and fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy and are used on a large scale in various instruments and devices. The reactions carried out electrochemically can be energy efficient and less polluting. Therefore, study of electrochemistry is important for creating new technologies that are ecofriendly. The transmission of sensory signals through cells to brain and vice versa and communication between the cells are known to have electrochemical origin. Electrochemistry, is therefore, a very vast and interdisciplinary subject. In this Unit, we will cover only some of its important elementary aspects.
3.1 Electrochemical Cells
In Class XI, Unit 8, we had studied the construction and functioning of Daniell cell (Fig. 3.1). This cell converts the chemical energy liberated during the redox reaction
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)…………………… (3.1)
to electrical energy and has an electrical potential equal to 1.1 V when concentration of Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions is unity ( 1 mol dm–3)*. Such a device is called a galvanic or a voltaic cell.
If an external opposite potential is applied [Fig. 3.2(a)] and increased slowly, we find that the reaction continues to take place till the opposing voltage reaches the value 1.1 V [Fig. 3.2(b)] when, the reaction stops altogether and no current flows through the cell. Any further increase in the external potential again starts the reaction but in the opposite direction [Fig. 3.2(c)]. It now functions as an electrolytic cell, a device for using electrical energy to carry non-spontaneous chemical reactions. Both types of cells are quite important and we shall study some of their salient features in the following pages.
3.2 Galvanic Cells
As mentioned earlier (Class XI, Unit 8 ) a galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy. In this device the Gibbs energy of the spontaneous redox reaction is converted into electrical work which may be used for running a motor or other electrical gadgets like heater, fan, geyser, etc.
Daniell cell discussed earlier is one such cell in which the following redox reaction occurs.
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)→Zn2+(aq)+Cu(s)
This reaction is a combination of two half reactions whose addition gives the overall cell reaction:
(i) Cu2+ + 2e–→ Cu(s) (reduction half reaction……..(3.2)
(ii)Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e– (oxidation half reaction)…….(3.3)
These reactions occur in two different portions of the Daniell cell. The reduction half reaction occurs on the copper electrode while the oxidation half reaction occurs on the zinc electrode. These two portions of the cell are also called half-cells or redox couples. The copper electrode may be called the reduction half cell and the zinc electrode, the oxidation half-cell.
We can construct innumerable number of galvanic cells on the pattern of Daniell cell by taking combinations of different half-cells. Each half- cell consists of a metallic electrode dipped into an electrolyte. The two half-cells are connected by a metallic wire through a voltmeter and a switch externally. The electrolytes of the two half-cells are connected internally through a salt bridge as shown in Fig. 3.1. Sometimes, both the electrodes dip in the same electrolyte solution and in such cases we don’t require a salt bridge.
At each electrode-electrolyte interface there is a tendency of metal ions from the solution to deposit on the metal electrode trying to make it positively charged. At the same time, metal atoms of the electrode have a tendency to go into the solution as ions and leave behind the electrons at the electrode trying to make it negatively charged. At equilibrium, there is a separation of charges and depending on the tendencies of the two opposing reactions, the electrode may be positively or negatively charged with respect to the solution. A potential difference develops between the electrode and the electrolyte which is called electrode potential. When the concentrations of all the species involved in a half-cell is unity then the electrode potential is known as standard electrode potential. According to IUPAC convention, standard reduction potentials are now called standard electrode potentials. In a galvanic cell, the half-cell in which oxidation takes place is called anode and it has a negative potential with respect to the solution. The other half-cell in which reduction takes place is called cathode and it has a positive potential with respect to the solution. Thus, there exists a potential difference between the two electrodes and as soon as the switch is in the on position the electrons flow from negative electrode to positive electrode. The direction of current flow is opposite to that of electron flow.
The potential difference between the two electrodes of a galvanic cell is called the cell potential and is measured in volts. The cell potential is the difference between the electrode potentials (reduction potentials) of the cathode and anode. It is called the cell electromotive force (emf) of the cell when no current is drawn through the cell. It is now an accepted convention that we keep the anode on the left and the cathode on the right while representing the galvanic cell. A galvanic cell is generally represented by putting a vertical line between metal and electrolyte solution and putting a double vertical line between the two electrolytes connected by a salt bridge. Under this convention the emf of the cell is positive and is given by the potential of the half-cell on the right hand side minus the potential of the half-cell on the left hand side i.e.
Ecell = Eright − Eleft
This is illustrated by the following example:
Cell reaction:
Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)………..(3.4)
Half- cell reactions:
Cathode(reduction): 2Ag+(aq) +2e − → 2Ag(s)……….(3.5)
Anode (oxidation): Cu(s)→Cu2+(aq) + 2e−…………(3.6)
It can be seen that the sum of (3.5) and (3.6) leads to overall reaction (3.4) in the cell and that silver electrode acts as a cathode and copper electrode acts as an anode. The cell can be represented as:
and we have Ecell=Eright − Eleft = EAg+⎥Ag − ECu2+⎥Cu………(3.7)
3.2.1 Measurement of Electrode potential
The potential of individual half-cell cannot be measured. We can measure only the difference between the two half-cell potentials that gives the emf of the cell. If we arbitrarily choose the potential of one electrode (half- cell) then that of the other can be determined with respect to this. According to convention, a half-cell called standard hydrogen electrode (Fig.3.3) represented by Pt(s)⎥ H2(g)⎥ H+(aq), is assigned a zero potential at all temperatures corresponding to the reaction
H+(aq) + e− → 1/2 H2(g)
The standard hydrogen electrode consists of a platinum electrode coated with platinum black. The electrode is dipped in an acidic solution and pure hydrogen gas is bubbled through it. The concentration of both the reduced and oxidised forms of hydrogen is maintained at unity (Fig. 3.3). This implies that the pressure of hydrogen gas is one bar and the concentration of hydrogen ion in the solution is one molar.
At 298 K the emf of the cell, standard hydrogen electrode ⎜⎜second half-cellconstructed by taking standard hydrogen electrode as anode (reference half-cell) and the other half-cell as cathode, gives the reduction potential of the other half-cell. If the concentrations of the oxidised and the reduced forms of the species in the right hand half-cell are unity, then the cell potential is equal to standard electrode potential,EΘR of the given half-cell.
EΘ = EΘR − EΘL
As EΘL for standard hydrogen electrode is zero.
EΘ = EΘR − 0 = EΘL
The measured emf of the cell :
Pt(s) ⎥ H2(g, 1 bar) ⎥ H+ (aq, 1 M) ⎜⎜ Cu2+ (aq, 1 M)⎥ Cu
is 0.34 V and it is also the value for the standard electrode potential of the half-cell corresponding to the reaction :
Cu2+ (aq, 1M) + 2 e– → Cu(s)
Similarly, the measured emf of the cell :
Pt(s) ⎥ H2(g, 1 bar) ⎥ H+ (aq, 1 M) ⎜⎜ Zn2+ (aq, 1M) ⎜ Zn
is -0.76 V corresponding to the standard electrode potential of the half-cell reaction:
Zn2+ (aq, 1 M) + 2e– → Zn(s)
The positive value of the standard electrode potential in the first case indicates that Cu2+ ions get reduced more easily than H+ ions. The reverse process cannot occur, that is, hydrogen ions cannot oxidise Cu (or alternatively we can say that hydrogen gas can reduce copper ion) under the standard conditions described above. Thus, Cu does not dissolve in HCl. In nitric acid it is oxidised by nitrate ion and not by hydrogen ion. The negative value of the standard electrode potential in the second case indicates that hydrogen ions can oxidise zinc (or zinc can reduce hydrogen ions).
In view of this convention, the half reaction for the Daniell cell in Fig. 3.1 can be written as:
Left electrode : Zn(s) → Zn2+ (aq, 1 M) + 2 e–
Right electrode: Cu2+ (aq, 1 M) + 2 e– → Cu(s)
The overall reaction of the cell is the sum of above two reactions and we obtain the equation:
Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s)
Emf of the cell = E°cell = E°R – E°L
= 0.34V – (– 0.76)V = 1.10 V
Sometimes metals like platinum or gold are used as inert electrodes. They do not participate in the reaction but provide their surface for oxidation or reduction reactions and for the conduction of electrons. For example, Pt is used in the following half-cells:
Hydrogen electrode: Pt(s)|H2(g)| H+(aq)
With half-cell reaction: H+ (aq)+ e– → 1⁄2 H2(g)
Bromine electrode: Pt(s)|Br2(aq)| Br–(aq)
With half-cell reaction: 1⁄2 Br2(aq) + e– → Br–(aq)
The standard electrode potentials are very important and we can extract a lot of useful information from them. The values of standard electrode potentials for some selected half-cell reduction reactions are given in Table 3.1. If the standard electrode potential of an electrode is greater than zero then its reduced form is more stable compared to hydrogen gas. Similarly, if the standard electrode potential is negative then hydrogen gas is more stable than the reduced form of the species. It can be seen that the standard electrode potential for fluorine is the highest in the Table indicating that fluorine gas (F2) has the maximum
tendency to get reduced to fluoride ions (F–) and therefore fluorine gas is the strongest oxidising agent and fluoride ion is the weakest reducing agent. Lithium has the lowest electrode potential indicating that lithium ion is the weakest oxidising agent while lithium metal is the most powerful reducing agent in an aqueous solution. It may be seen that as we go from top to bottom in Table 3.1 the standard electrode potential decreases and with this, decreases the oxidising power of the species on the left and increases the reducing power of the species on the right hand side of the reaction. Electrochemical cells are extensively used for determining the pH of solutions, solubility product, equilibrium constant and other thermodynamic properties and for potentiometric titrations.
Intext Questions
3.1 How would you determine the standard electrode potential of the system Mg2+|Mg?
3.2 Can you store copper sulphate solutions in a zinc pot?
3.3 Consult the table of standard electrode potentials and suggest three substances that can oxidise ferrous ions under suitable conditions.
3.3 Nernst Equation
We have assumed in the previous section that the concentration of all the species involved in the electrode reaction is unity. This need not be always true. Nernst showed that for the electrode reaction:
Mn+(aq) + ne– → M(s)
the electrode potential at any concentration measured with respect to standard hydrogen electrode can be represented by:
E(Mn+/ M )= EΘ(Mn+/ M) – RT/nF ln [M]/[Mn+]
but concentration of solid M is taken as unity and we have
E(Mn+/M) = EΘ(Mn+/M) − RT/nF ln 1/[Mn+]………(3.8)
EΘ(Mn+/M) has already been defined, R is gas constant (8.314 JK mol –1), F is Faraday constant (96487 C mol–1), T is temperature in kelvin and [Mn+] is the concentration of the species, Mn+.
In Daniell cell, the electrode potential for any given concentration of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, we write
For Cathode:
E(Cu2+/ Cu) = EΘ(Cu2+/ Cu ) – RT/2F ln 1/[Cu2+ (aq)]……….(3.9)
For Anode:
E(Zn2+/ Zn) = EΘ(Zn2+/ Zn ) – RT/2F ln 1/[Znsup>2+ (aq)]……….(3.10)
The cell potential, E(cell) = E(Cu2+ /Cu) – E( Zn2+ / Zn )
=EΘ(Cu2+/Cu (aq) -RT/2F ln 1/[Cu2+ (aq)] – EΘ(Zn2+/Cu (aq) -RT/2F ln 1/[Zn2+ (aq)]
=EΘ(Cu2+/Cu (aq) – EΘ(Zn2+/Cu (aq) – RT/2F ln 1/[Cu2+ (aq)]- ln 1/[Zn2+ (aq)]
E(cell) = EΘ(cell) − RT/2F ln[Zn2+]/[Cu2+]………….(3.11)
It can be seen that E(cell) depends on the concentration of both Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. It increases with increase in the concentration of Cu2+ ions and decrease in the concentration of Zn2+ ions.
By converting the natural logarithm in Eq. (3.11) to the base 10 and substituting the values of R, F and T = 298 K, it reduces to
E(cell) = EΘ(cell) –0.059/2 log [Zn2+]/[Cu2+]……………(3.12)
We should use the same number of electrons (n) for both the electrodes and thus for the following cell
Ni(s)⎥ Ni2+(aq) ⎥⎥ Ag+(aq)⎥ Ag
The cell reaction is Ni(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
The Nernst equation can be written as
E(cell) = EΘ(cell) – RT/2F ln [Ni2+]/[Ag+]2
and for a general electrochemical reaction of the type:
Nernst equation can be written as:
E(cell)= EΘ(cell) – RT/nF 1nQ
=EΘ(cell) −RT/nF ln ([C]c[D]d)/[A]c[B]d)
= EΘ( cell ) – RT/nF ln ([C]c[D]d)/([A]a[B]b)……(3.13)
Example 3.1
Represent the cell in which the following reaction takes place
Mg(s) + 2Ag+(0.0001M) → Mg2+(0.130M) + 2Ag(s)
Calculate its E(cell) if EΘ( cell ) = 3.17 V.
solution
The cell can be written as Mg⎥Mg2+(0.130M)⎥⎥Ag+(0.0001M)⎥Ag
E(cell) = EΘ( cell ) – RT/nF ln [Mg 2+]/[Ag +]2
=3.17 V − 0.059V/2 log 0.130/(0.0001)2 = 3.17 V − 0.21 V = 2.96 V.
3.3.1 Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
If the circuit in Daniell cell (Fig. 3.1) is closed then we note that the reaction
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)………………….(3.1)
takes place and as time passes, the concentration of Zn2+ keeps on increasing while the concentration of Cu2+ keeps on decreasing. At the same time voltage of the cell as read on the voltmeter keeps on decreasing. After some time, we shall note that there is no change in the concentration of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions and at the same time, voltmeter gives zero reading. This indicates that equilibrium has been attained. In this situation the Nernst equation may be written as:
E(cell) = 0 = EΘ(cell) − 2.303RT/2F log [Zn2+]/[Cu2+]
or EΘ(cell) = 2.303RT/2F log [Zn2+]/[Cu2+]
But at equilibrium,
[Zn2+]/[Cu2+] = Kc for the reaction 3.1
and at T = 298K the above equation can be written as
EΘ(cell) = 0.059V/2 log KC =1.1V (EΘ(cell) = 1.1V)
log KC = (1.1V × 2)/0.059V = 37.288
KC = 21037 at 298K.
In general,
EΘ(cell) =2.303RT/nF log KC………………….(3.14)
Thus, Eq. (3.14) gives a relationship between equilibrium constant of the reaction and standard potential of the cell in which that reaction takes place. Thus, equilibrium constants of the reaction, difficult to measure otherwise, can be calculated from the corresponding E value of the cell.
Example 3.2 Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction:
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
E ( cell ) = 0.46 V
Solution EΘ(cell) = 0.059 V/2 log KC = 0.46V or
log KC = 0.46 V × 2/0.059V = 15.6
KC = 3.92 × 1015
3.3.2 Electro- chemical Cell and Gibbs Energy of the Reaction
Electrical work done in one second is equal to electrical potential multiplied by total charge passed. If we want to obtain maximum work from a galvanic cell then charge has to be passed reversibly. The reversible work done by a galvanic cell is equal to decrease in its Gibbs energy and therefore, if the emf of the cell is E and nF is the amount of charge passed and ΔrG is the Gibbs energy of the reaction, then
ΔrG = -nFE(cell)………………………….(3.15)
It may be remembered that E(cell) is an intensive parameter but ΔrG is an extensive thermodynamic property and the value depends on n. Thus, if we write the reaction
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)………………………………(3.1)
ΔrG = -2FE(cell)
but when we write the reaction
2 Zn(s) + 2Cu2+(aq) → 2 Zn2+(aq) + 2Cu(s)
ΔrG = -4FE(cell)
If the concentration of all the reacting species is unity, then E(cell)
= EΘ(cell) and we have
ΔrGΘ = -nFEΘ(cell)…………………………(3.16)
Thus, from the measurement of E ( cell ) we can obtain an important thermodynamic quantity, ΔrG , standard Gibbs energy of the reaction. From the latter we can calculate equilibrium constant by the equation:
ΔrGΘ = -RT ln K.
Example 3.3 The standard electrode potential for Daniell cell is 1.1V. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for the reaction:
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Solution ΔrGΘ = – nFEΔ(cell)
n in the above equation is 2, F = 96487 C mol –1 and E( cell ) = 1.1 V
Therefore, ΔrGΘ = – 2 × 1.1V × 96487 C mol –1
= –21227 J mol–1
= –21.227 kJ mol–1
Intext Questions
3.4 Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 10.
3.5 Calculate the emf of the cell in which the following reaction takes place
Ni(s) + 2Ag+ (0.002 M) → Ni2+ (0.160 M) + 2Ag(s)
Given that EΘ(Cell) = 1.05 V
3.6 The cell in which the following reaction occurs:
2Fe3+ ( aq ) + 2I− ( aq ) → 2Fe2 + ( aq ) + I2 ( s ) has Ecell = 0.236 V at 298 K. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant of the cell reaction.
3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
It is necessary to define a few terms before we consider the subject of conductance of electricity through electrolytic solutions. The electrical resistance is represented by the symbol ‘R’ and it is measured in ohm (Ω) which in terms of SI base units is equal to (kg m2)/(s3 A2). It can be measured with the help of a Wheatstone bridge with which you are familiar from your study of physics. The electrical resistance of any object is directly proportional to its length, l, and inversely proportional to its area of cross section, A. That is,
R ∝ l/A or R = ρ l/A
The constant of proportionality, ρ (Greek, rho), is called resistivity (specific resistance). Its SI units are ohm metre (Ω m) and quite often its submultiple, ohm centimetre (Ω cm) is also used. IUPAC recommends the use of the term resistivity over specific resistance and hence in the rest of the book we shall use the term resistivity. Physically, the resistivity for a substance is its resistance when it is one metre long and its area of cross section is one m2. It can be seen that:
1 Ω m = 100 Ω cm or 1 Ω cm = 0.01 Ω m
The inverse of resistance, R, is called conductance, G, and we have the relation:
G = 1/R = A/ ρl = k A/l …………………………………..(3.18)
The SI unit of conductance is siemens, represented by the symbol ‘S’ and is equal to ohm–1 (also known as mho) or Ω–1. The inverse of resistivity, called conductivity (specific conductance) is represented by the symbol, κ (Greek, kappa). IUPAC has recommended the use of term conductivity over specific conductance and hence we shall use the term conductivity in the rest of the book. The SI units of conductivity are S m–1 but quite often, κ is expressed in S cm–1. Conductivity of a material in S m–1 is its conductance when it is 1 m long and its area of cross section is 1 m2. It may be noted that 1 S cm–1 = 100 S m–1.
| Material | Conductivity / S m-1 | Material | Conductivity / S m-1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conductors | Aqueous solutions | ||
| Sodium | 2.1×103 | Pure water | 3.5×10-5 |
| Copper | 5.9×103 | 0.1 M HCl | 3.91 |
| Silver | 6.2×103 | 0.1 M KCl | 0.14 |
| Gold | 4.5×103 | 0.1 M NaCl | 0.12 |
| Iron | 1.0×103 | 0.1 M HAc | 0.047 |
| Graphite | 1.2×103 | 0.01 M KCl | 0.016 |
| Insulators | Semiconductors | ||
| Glass | 1.0×10-16 | CuO | 1×10-7 |
| Teflon | 1.0×10-18 | Si | 1.5×10-2 |
| Ge | 2.0 |
It can be seen from Table 3.2 that the magnitude of conductivity varies a great deal and depends on the nature of the material. It also depends on the temperature and pressure at which the measurements are made. Materials are classified into conductors, insulators and semiconductors depending on the magnitude of their conductivity. Metals and their alloys have very large conductivity and are known as conductors. Certain non-metals like carbon-black, graphite and some organic polymers* are also electronically conducting. Substances like glass, ceramics, etc., having very low conductivity are known as insulators. Substances like silicon, doped silicon and gallium arsenide having conductivity between conductors and insulators are called semiconductors and are important electronic materials. Certain materials called superconductors by definition have zero resistivity or infinite conductivity. Earlier, only metals and their alloys at very low temperatures (0 to 15 K) were known to behave as superconductors, but nowadays a number of ceramic materials and mixed oxides are also known to show superconductivity at temperatures as high as 150 K.
Electrical conductance through metals is called metallic or electronic conductance and is due to the movement of electrons. The electronic conductance depends on
(i) the nature and structure of the metal
(ii) the number of valence electrons per atom
(iii) temperature (it decreases with increase of temperature).
As the electrons enter at one end and go out through the other end, the composition of the metallic conductor remains unchanged. The mechanism of conductance through semiconductors is more complex.
We already know (Class XI, Unit 7) that even very pure water has small amounts of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions (~10–7M) which lend it very low conductivity (3.5 × 10–5 S m–1). When electrolytes are dissolved in water, they furnish their own ions in the solution hence its conductivity also increases. The conductance of electricity by ions present in the solutions is called electrolytic or ionic conductance. The conductivity of electrolytic (ionic) solutions depends on:
(i) the nature of the electrolyte added
(ii) size of the ions produced and their solvation
(iii) the nature of the solvent and its viscosity
(iv) concentration of the electrolyte
(v) temperature (it increases with the increase of temperature).
Passage of direct current through ionic solution over a prolonged period can lead to change in its composition due to electrochemical reactions (Section 3.4.1).
3.4.1 Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions
We know that accurate measurement of an unknown resistance can be performed on a Wheatstone bridge. However, for measuring the resistance of an ionic solution we face two problems. Firstly, passing direct current (DC) changes the composition of the solution. Secondly, a solution cannot be connected to the bridge like a metallic wire or other solid conductor. The first difficulty is resolved by using an alternating current (AC) source of power. The second problem is solved by using a specially designed vessel called conductivity cell. It is available in several designs and two simple ones are shown in Fig. 3.4.
Basically it consists of two platinum electrodes coated with platinum black (finely divided metallic Pt is deposited on the electrodes electrochemically). These have area of cross section equal to ‘A’ and are separated by distance ‘l’. Therefore, solution confined between these electrodes is a column of length l and area of cross section A. The resistance of such a column of solution is then given by the equation:
R = Ρ l/A = l/ κ A
The quantity l/A is called cell constant denoted by the symbol, G*. It depends on the distance between the electrodes and their area of cross-section and has the dimension of length–1 and can be calculated if we know l and A. Measurement of l and A is not only inconvenient but also unreliable. The cell constant is usually determined by measuring the resistance of the cell containing a solution whose conductivity is already known. For this purpose, we generally use KCl solutions whose conductivity is known accurately at various concentrations (Table 3.3) and at different temperatures. The cell constant, G*, is then given by the equation:
G* = l/A =R κ …………………………(3.18)
| Conductivity | Molar Conductivity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mol L-1 | mol L-3 | S cm-1 | S m-1 | S cm2-1 | S m2-1 |
| 1.000 | 1000 | 0.1113 | 11.13 | 111.3 | 111.3×10-4 |
| 0.100 | 100.0 | 0.0129 | 1.29 | 129.0 | 129.0×10-4 |
| 0.010 | 10.00 | 0.00141 | 0.141 | 141.0 | 141.0×10-4 |
Once the cell constant is determined, we can use it for measuring the resistance or conductivity of any solution. The set up for the measurement of the resistance is shown in Fig. 3.5.
It consists of two resistances R3 and R4, a variable resistance R1 and the conductivity cell having the unknown resistance R 2 . The Wheatstone bridge is fed by an oscillator O (a source of a.c. power in the audio frequency range 550 to 5000 cycles per second). P is a suitable detector (a headphone or other electronic device) and the bridge is balanced when no current passes through the detector. Under these conditions:
Unknown resistance R2 = R1 R 4/R3 ……………………………(3.19)
These days, inexpensive conductivity meters are available which can directly read the conductance or resistance of the solution in the conductivity cell. Once the cell constant and the resistance of the solution in the cell is determined, the conductivity of the solution is given by the equation:
κ = cell constant/R = G*/R……………………………….(3.20)
The conductivity of solutions of different electrolytes in the same solvent and at a given temperature differs due to charge and size of the ions in which they dissociate, the concentration of ions or ease with which the ions move under a potential gradient. It, therefore, becomes necessary to define a physically more meaningful quantity called molar conductivity denoted by the symbol Λm (Greek, lambda). It is related to the conductivity of the solution by the equation:
Molar conductivity =Λm = κ/c………………………..(3.21)
In the above equation, if κ is expressed in S m–1 and the concentration, c in mol m–3 then the units of Λm are in S m2 mol–1. It may be noted that:
1 mol m–3 = 1000(L/m3) × molarity (mol/L), and hence
Λm(S m 2 mol-1 ) = κ (S m −1 ) / 1000 L m −3 × molarity (mol L−1 )
If we use S cm–1 as the units for κ and mol cm–3, the units of concentration, then the units for Ëm are S cm2 mol–1. It can be calculated by using the equation:
Lm (S cm 2 mol −1 ) = κ (S cm −1 ) × 1000 (cm3/L)
molarity (mol/L)
Both type of units are used in literature and are related to each other by the equations:
1 S m2mol–1 = 104 S cm2mol–1 or
1 S cm2mol–1 =10–4 S m2mol–1.
Example 3.4 Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L–1 KCl solution is 100Ω. If the resistance of the same cell when filled with 0.02 mol L–1 KCl solution is 520 Ω, calculate the conductivity and molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L–1 KCl solution. The conductivity of 0.1 mol L–1 KCl solution is 1.29 S/m.
Solution The cell constant is given by the equation:
Cell constant = G* = conductivity × resistance
= 1.29 S/m × 100Ω = 129 m–1 = 1.29 cm–1
Conductivity of 0.02 mol L–1 KCl solution = cell constant / resistance
=G*/R = 129 m –1 /520Ω = 0.248 S m–1
Concentration = 0.02 mol L–1
= 1000 × 0.02 mol m–3
= 20 mol m–3
Molar conductivity = Λm = κ/c
= 248 × 10 –3 S m –1 / 20 mol m –3
= 124 × 10–4 S m2mol–1
Alternatively, κ = 1.29 cm-1 / 520 Ω
= 0.248 × 10–2 S cm–1
and Λ m= κ × 1000 cm3 L–1 molarity–1
= 0.248 × 10-2 S cm-1 1000 cm3L-1/ 0.02 mol L-1
= 124 S cm2 mol-1
Example 3.5
The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 mol L–1 NaOH solution of diameter 1 cm and length 50 cm is 5.55 × 103 ohm. Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and molar conductivity.
Solution
A = π r2 = 3.14 × 0.52 cm2 = 0.785 cm2 = 0.785 × 10–4 m2
l = 50 cm = 0.5 m
R = ρl/A or ρ = RA/l = 5.55 ×103ρ×0.785 cm2/50 cm = 87.135 ρ cm
Conductivity = κ = 1/ρ = (1/87.135) S cm -1
=0.01148 S cm-1
Molar conductivity, Λm = (κ × 1000 ) / c cm3L-1
= 0.01148 S cm -1 × 1000 cm 3 L-1 / 0.05 mol L−1
= 229.6 S cm2 mol–1
If we want to calculate the values of different quantities in terms of ‘m’ instead of ‘cm’,
ρ = RA / l
= 5.55 × 103 Ω × 0.785 × 10-4 m2 /0.5 m
= 87.135 ×10–2 Ω m
κ = 1/ρ = 100 / 87.137 Ωm =1.148 S m−
and Λm = κ/c = 1.148 S m−1
=229.6 × 10-4 S mol−1.
3.4.2 Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration
Both conductivity and molar conductivity change with the concentration of the electrolyte. Conductivity always decreases with decrease in concentration both, for weak and strong electrolytes. This can be explained by the fact that the number of ions per unit volume that carry the current in a solution decreases on dilution. The conductivity of a solution at any given concentration is the conductance of one unit volume of solution kept between two platinum electrodes with unit area of cross section and at a distance of unit length. This is clear from the equation:
G = κA /l = κ (both A and l are unity in their appropriate units in m or cm)
Molar conductivity of a solution at a given concentration is the conductance of the volume V of solution containing one mole of electrolyte kept between two electrodes with area of cross section A and distance of unit length. Therefore,
Λm = κA /l =κ
Since l = 1 and A = V ( volume containing 1 mole of electrolyte)
Λm = κ V………………………………..(3.22)
Molar conductivity increases with decrease in concentration. This is because the total volume, V, of solution containing one mole of electrolyte also increases. It has been found that decrease in κ on dilution of a solution is more than compensated by increase in its volume. Physically, it means that at a given concentration, Λm can be defined as the conductance of the electrolytic solution kept between the electrodes of a conductivity cell at unit distance but having area of cross section large enough to accommodate sufficient volume of solution that contains one mole of the electrolyte. When concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as limiting molar conductivity and is represented by the symbol Ë°m. The variation in Λm with concentration is different (Fig. 3.6) for strong and weak electrolytes.
Strong Electrolytes
For strong electrolytes, Λ increases slowly with dilution and can be represented by the equation:
Λm = Ë°m – A c 1⁄2…………………….(3.23)
It can be seen that if we plot (Fig. 3.12) Λm against c1/2, we obtain a straight line with intercept equal to Ë°m and slope equal to ‘–A’. The value of the constant ‘A’ for a given solvent and temperature depends on the type of electrolyte i.e., the charges on the cation and anion produced on the dissociation of the electrolyte in the solution. Thus, NaCl, CaCl2, MgSO4 are known as 1-1, 2-1 and 2- 2 electrolytes respectively. All electrolytes of a particular type have the same value for ‘A’.
Example 3.6
The molar conductivity of KCl solutions at different concentrations at 298 K are given below:
c/mol L–1 Λm/S cm2 mol−
0.000198 148.61
0.000309 148.29
0.000521 147.81
0.000989 147.09
Show that a plot between Ë°m and c1/2 is a straight line. Determine the values of Ë°m and A for KCl.
Solution
Taking the square root of concentration we obtain:
c1/2/(mol L-1)1/2 λm/S cm2mol−1
0.01407 148.61
0.01758 148.29
0.02283 148.81
0.03145 148.09
A plot of Λm( y-axis) and c1/2 (x-axis) is shown in (Fig. 3.7). It can be seen that it is nearly a straight line. From the intercept (c1/2 = 0),
we find that Ë°m= 150.0 S cm2 mol–1 and A = – slope = 87.46 S cm2 mol–1/(mol/L–1)1/2.
Kohlrausch examined Ë°m values for a number of strong electrolytes and observed certain regularities. He noted that the difference in Ë°m of the electrolytes NaX and KX for any X is nearly constant. For example at 298 K:
Ë°m(KCl) − Ë°m(NaCl) =
Ë°m(KBr) − Ë°m(NaBr) =
Ë°m(KI) − Ë°m(NaI) ≅ 23.4 S cm2 mol−1
and similarly it was found that
Ë°m(NaBr) − Ë°m(NaCI) = Ë°m(KBr) − Ë°m(KCl) ≅ 1.8 S cm2 mol−1
On the basis of the above observations he enunciated Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. The law states that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte. Thus, if λNa+ and λ Cl– are limiting molar conductivity of the sodium and chloride ions respectively, then the limiting molar conductivity for sodium chloride is given by the equation:
Ë°m(NaCl) = λ°Na+ + λ°Cl–……………(3.24)
In general, if an electrolyte on dissociation gives v+ cations and v– anions then its limiting molar conductivity is given by:
Ë°m = ν+ λ°+ + ν– λ°–…………………..(3.25)
Here, λ°+ and λ°− are the limiting molar conductivities of the cation and anion respectively. The values of λ° for some cations and anions at 298 K are given in Table 3.4.
| Ion | λ° /(S cm2mol−1) | Ion | λ° /(S cm2mol−1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| H+ | 349.0 | OH– | 199.1 |
| Na+ | 50.1 | Cl– | 76.3 |
| K+ | 73.5 | Br– | 78.1 |
| Ca2+ | 119.0 | CH3Coo– | 40.9 |
| Mg2+ | 106.0 | SO42- | 169.0 |
Weak electrolytes
Weak electrolytes like acetic acid have lower degree of dissociation at higher concentrations and hence for such electrolytes, the change in Λm with dilution is due to increase in the degree of dissociation and consequently the number of ions in total volume of solution that contains 1 mol of electrolyte. In such cases Ëm increases steeply (Fig. 3.12) on dilution, especially near lower concentrations. Therefore, Ë°m cannot be obtained by extrapolation of Λm to zero concentration. At infinite dilution (i.e., concentration c → zero) electrolyte dissociates completely (α =1), but at such low concentration the conductivity of the solution is so low that it cannot be measured accurately. Therefore, Ë°m for weak electrolytes is obtained by using Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions (Example 3.8). At any concentration c, if α is the degree of dissociation then it can be approximated to the ratio of molar conductivity Ë°m at the concentration c to limiting molar conductivity, Ë°m. Thus we have:
α = Λm / Λm……………………..(3.26)
But we know that for a weak electrolyte like acetic acid (Class XI, Unit 7),
Ka =c α2/(1 − α) =c Λ2m/Λm°2(1 − (Λm/Λ°m)) =c Λ2m/ Λ°m(Λ°m − Λ°m)…………………(3.27)
Applications of Kohlrausch law
Using Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions, it is possible to calculate Ë°m for any electrolyte from the λo of individual ions. Moreover, for weak electrolytes like acetic acid it is possible to determine the value of its dissociation constant once we know the Ë°m and Λm at a given concentration c.\
Example 3.7
Calculate Ë°m for CaCl2 and MgSO4 from the data given in Table 3.4.
Solution
We know from Kohlrausch law that
Λm(CaCl) = λ°Ca2+ + 2λ°Cl− = 119.0 S cm2 mol–1 + 2(76.3) S cm2 mol–1
= (119.0 + 152.6) S cm2 mol–1
= 271.6 S cm2 mol–1
Λm(MgSO4) = λ°Mg2+ + 2λ°SO2−4 = 106.0 S cm2 mol–1 + 160.0 S cm2 mol–1
= 266 S cm2 mol–1 .
Example 3.8
Ë°m for NaCl, HCl and NaAc are 126.4, 425.9 and 91.0 S cm2 mol–1 respectively. Calculate Λ° for HAc.
Solution
Λ°(HAc) =λ°H++ λ°Ac− = λ°H+ + λ°Cl− +λ°Na+ − λ°Cl− − λ°Na+
=Λ°(HCl) + Λ°(NaAc) − Λ°(NaCl)
= (425.9 + 91.0 – 126.4 ) S cm2 mol –1
= 390.5 S cm2 mol–1 .
Example 3.9
The conductivity of 0.001028 mol L–1 acetic acid is 4.95 × 10–5 S cm–1 . Calculate its dissociation constant if Ë°m for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol–1.
Solution
Λm = κ/c =4.95×10−5 S cm−1/0.001028 mol L−1 × 1000cm−1/ L =48.15 cm2 mol−1
α = Λm/Λ°m =48.15 S cm2 mol−1/390.5 S cm 2 mol−1 = 0.1233
Κ = cα2/(1- α) 0.001028 mol L−1× (0.1233)2/ 1- 0.1233 = 1.78 ×10−5 mol L−1
Intext Questions
3.7 Why does the conductivity of a solution decrease with dilution?
3.8 Suggest a way to determine the Λ°m value of water.
3.9 The molar conductivity of 0.025 mol L–1 methanoic acid is 46.1 S cm2 mol–1. Calculate its degree of dissociation and dissociation constant. Given λ°(H+)
= 349.6 S cm2 mol–1 and λ°(HCOO−) = 54.6 S cm2 mol–1
3.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
In an electrolytic cell external source of voltage is used to bring about a chemical reaction. The electrochemical processes are of great importance in the laboratory and the chemical industry. One of the simplest electrolytic cell consists of two copper strips dipping in an aqueous solution of copper sulphate. If a DC voltage is applied to the two electrodes, then Cu2+ ions discharge at the cathode (negatively charged) and the following reaction takes place:
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu (s)……………………………….(3.28)
Copper metal is deposited on the cathode. At the anode, copper is converted into Cu2+ ions by the reaction:
Cu(s) → Cu2+(s) + 2e–………………………………….(3.29)
Thus copper is dissolved (oxidised) at anode and deposited (reduced) at cathode. This is the basis for an industrial process in which impure copper is converted into copper of high purity. The impure copper is made an anode that dissolves on passing current and pure copper is deposited at the cathode. Many metals like Na, Mg, Al, etc. are produced on large scale by electrochemical reduction of their respective cations where no suitable chemical reducing agents are available for this purpose.
Sodium and magnesium metals are produced by the electrolysis of their fused chlorides and aluminium is produced (Class XII, Unit 6) by electrolysis of aluminium oxide in presence of cryolite.
Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
Michael Faraday was the first scientist who described the quantitative aspects of electrolysis. Now Faraday’s laws also flow from what has been discussed earlier.
Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
After his extensive investigations on electrolysis of solutions and melts of electrolytes, Faraday published his results during 1833-34 in the form of the following well known Faraday’s two laws of electrolysis:
1. First Law
The amount of chemical reaction which occurs at any electrode during electrolysis by a current is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte (solution or melt).
2. Second Law
The amounts of different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity passing through the electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical equivalent weights (Atomic Mass of Metal ÷ Number of electrons required to reduce the cation).
There were no constant current sources available during Faraday’s times. The general practice was to put a coulometer (a standard electrolytic cell) for determining the quantity of electricity passed from the amount of metal (generally silver or copper) deposited or consumed. However, coulometers are now obsolete and we now have constant current (I) sources available and the quantity of electricity Q, passed is given by
Q = It
Q is in coloumbs when I is in ampere and t is in second.
The amount of electricity (or charge) required for oxidation or reduction depends on the stoichiometry of the electrode reaction. For example, in the reaction:
Ag +(aq) + e– → Ag(s)…………………………..(3.30)
One mole of the electron is required for the reduction of one mole of silver ions. We know that charge on one electron is equal to 1.6021× 10–19C. Therefore, the charge on one mole of electrons is equal to:
NA × 1.6021 × 10–19 C = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 × 1.6021 × 10–19
NA × 1.6021 × 10–19 C = 96487 C mol–1
This quantity of electricity is called Faraday and is represented by the symbol F.
For approximate calculations we use 1F ≅ 96500 mol−1.
For the electrode reactions:
Mg2+(l) + 2e–→ Mg(s)……………………………..(3.31)
Al3+ (l) + 3e−→ Al(s)………………………(3.32)
It is obvious that one mole of Mg2+ and Al3+ require 2 mol of electrons (2F) and 3 mol of electrons (3F) respectively. The charge passed through the electrolytic cell during electrolysis is equal to the product of current in amperes and time in seconds. In commercial production of metals, current as high as 50,000 amperes are used that amounts to about 0.518 F per second.
Example 3.10
A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5 amperes. What is the mass of copper deposited at the cathode?
t = 600 s charge = current × time = 1.5 A × 600 s = 900 C
Solution
According to the reaction:
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– = Cu(s)
We require 2F or 2 × 96487 C to deposit 1 mol or 63 g of Cu.
For 900 C, the mass of Cu deposited = (63 g mol–1 × 900 C)/(2 × 96487 C mol–1) = 0.2938 g.
3.5.1 Products of Electrolysis
Products of electrolysis depend on the nature of material being electrolysed and the type of electrodes being used. If the electrode is inert (e.g., platinum or gold), it does not participate in the chemical reaction and acts only as source or sink for electrons. On the other hand, if the electrode is reactive, it participates in the electrode reaction. Thus, the products of electrolysis may be different for reactive and inert electrodes.The products of electrolysis depend on the different oxidising and reducing species present in the electrolytic cell and their standard electrode potentials. Moreover, some of the electrochemical processes although feasible, are so slow kinetically that at lower voltages these don’t seem to take place and extra potential (called overpotential) has to be applied, which makes such process more difficult to occur.
For example, if we use molten NaCl, the products of electrolysis are sodium metal and Cl2 gas. Here we have only one cation (Na+) which is reduced at the cathode (Na+ + e– → Na) and one anion (Cl–) which is oxidised at the anode (Cl–→ 1⁄2Cl2+e– ) . During the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution, the products are NaOH, Cl2 and H2. In this case besides Na+ and Cl– ions we also have H+ and OH– ions along with the solvent molecules, H2O.
At the cathode there is competition between the following reduction reactions:
Na+ (aq) + e– → Na (s) EΘ(Cell) =−2.71V
H+ (aq) + e– → 1/2H2 (g) EΘ(Cell)=−0.00V
The reaction with higher value of EΘ is preferred and, therefore, the reaction at the cathode during electrolysis is:
H+ (aq) + e– → 1/2H2(aq)………………………….(3.33)
but H (aq) is produced by the dissociation of H2O, i.e.,
H2O (l ) → H+ (aq) + OH– (aq)…………………………(3.34)
Therefore, the net reaction at the cathode may be written as the sum of (3.33) and (3.34) and we have
H2O (l ) + e– → 1⁄2H2(g) + OH–
At the anode the following oxidation reactions are possible:
Cl– (aq) → 1⁄2 Cl2 (g) + e– ( cell ) = 1.36 V……………………..(3.36)
2H2O (l )→ O2 (g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– E( cell ) = 1.23 V………………………(3.37)
The reaction at anode with lower value of EΘ is preferred and therefore, water should get oxidised in preference to Cl– (aq). However, on account of overpotential of oxygen, reaction (3.36) is preferred. Thus, the net reactions may be summarised as:
Cathode: H2O(l ) + e– → 1⁄2 H2(g) + OH– (aq)
Anode: Cl– (aq) → 1⁄2 Cl2(g) + e–
Net reaction:
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l ) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) + 1⁄2H2(g) + 1⁄2Cl2(g)
The standard electrode potentials are replaced by electrode potentials given by Nernst equation (Eq. 3.8) to take into account the concentration effects. During the electrolysis of sulphuric acid, the following processes are possible at the anode:
2H2O(l )→ O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– ETheta;( cell ) = +1.23 V,……………………….(3.38)
2SO42– (aq) → S2O82– (aq) + 2e– EΘ ( cell ) = 1.96 V………………(3.39)
For dilute sulphuric acid, reaction (3.38) is preferred but at higher concentrations of H2SO4 process, reaction (3.39) is preferred.
Intext Questions
3.10 If a current of 0.5 ampere flows through a metallic wire for 2 hours, then how many electrons would flow through the wire?
3.11 Suggest a list of metals that are extracted electrolytically.
3.12 Consider the reaction:
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 8H2O
What is the quantity of electricity in coulombs needed to reduce 1 mol of Cr2O72–?
3.6 Batteries
Any battery (actually it may have one or more than one cell connected in series) or cell that we use as a source of electrical energy is basically a galvanic cell where the chemical energy of the redox reaction is converted into electrical energy. However, for a battery to be of practical use it should be reasonably light, compact and its voltage should not vary appreciably during its use. There are mainly two types of batteries.
3.6.1 Primary Batteries
In the primary batteries, the reaction occurs only once and after use over a period of time battery becomes dead and cannot be reused again. The most familiar example of this type is the dry cell (known as Leclanche cell after its discoverer) which is used commonly in our transistors and clocks. The cell consists of a zinc container that also acts as anode and the cathode is a carbon (graphite) rod surrounded by powdered manganese dioxide and carbon (Fig.3.8). The space between the electrodes is filled by a moist paste of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The electrode reactions are complex, but they can be written approximately as follows :
Anode:
Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e–
Cathode:
MnO2 + NH4++ e–→ MnO(OH) + NH3
In the reaction at cathode, manganese is reduced from the + 4 oxidation state to the +3 state. Ammonia produced in the reaction forms a complex with Zn2+ to give [ Zn (NH3)4]2+. The cell has a potential of nearly 1.5 V.
Mercury cell, (Fig. 3.9) suitable for low current devices like hearing aids, watches, etc. consists of zinc – mercury amalgam as anode and a paste of HgO and carbon as the cathode. The electrolyte is a paste of KOH and ZnO. The electrode reactions for the cell are given below:
Anode: Zn(Hg) + 2OH−→ ZnO(s) + H2O + 2e−
Cathode: HgO + H2O + 2e–→ Hg(l ) + 2OH–
The overall reaction is represented by
Zn(Hg) + HgO(s)→ ZnO(s) + Hg(l )
The cell potential is approximately 1.35 V and remains constant during its life as the overall reaction does not involve any ion in solution whose concentration can change during its life time.
3.6.2 Secondary Batteries
A secondary cell after use can be recharged by passing current through it in the opposite direction so that it can be used again. A good secondary cell can undergo a large number of discharging and charging cycles. The most important secondary cell is the lead storage battery (Fig. 3.10) commonly used in automobiles and invertors. It consists of a lead anode and a grid of lead packed with lead dioxide (PbO2 ) as cathode. A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte.
The cell reactions when the battery is in use are given below:
Anode: Pb(s) + SO42–(aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2e–
Cathode: PbO2(s) + SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– → PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l )
i.e., overall cell reaction consisting of cathode and anode reactions is:
Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+2H2SO4(aq)→ 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
On charging the battery the reaction is reversed and PbSO4(s) on anode and cathode is converted into Pb and PbO2, respectively.
Another important secondary cell is the nickel- cadmium cell (Fig. 3.11) which has longer life than the lead storage cell but more expensive to manufacture. We shall not go into details of working of the cell and the electrode reactions during charging and discharging.
The overall reaction during discharge is:
Cd (s)+2Ni(OH)3 (s) → CdO (s) +2Ni(OH)2 (s) +H2O(l )
3.7 Fuel cell
Production of electricity by thermal plants is not a very efficient method and is a major source of pollution. In such plants, the chemical energy (heat of combustion) of fossil fuels (coal, gas or oil) is first used for converting water into high pressure steam. This is then used to run a turbine to produce electricity. We know that a galvanic cell directly converts chemical energy into electricity and is highly efficient. It is now possible to make such cells in which reactants are fed continuously to the electrodes and products are removed
continuously from the electrolyte compartment. Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the energy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane, methanol, etc. directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells.
One of the most successful fuel cells uses the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water (Fig. 3.12). The cell was used for providing electrical power in the Apollo space programme. The water vapours produced during the reaction were condensed and added to the drinking water supply for the astronauts. In the cell, hydrogen and oxygen are bubbled through porous carbon electrodes into concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Catalysts like finely divided platinum or palladium metal are incorporated into the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode reactions. The electrode reactions are given below:
Cathode: O2(g) + 2H2O(l ) + 4e–→ 4OH–(aq)
Anode: 2H2 (g) + 4OH–(aq)→ 4H2O(l) + 4e–
Overall reaction being:
2H2(g) + O2(g)→ 2 H2O(l )
The cell runs continuously as long as the reactants are supplied. Fuel cells produce electricity with an efficiency of about 70 % compared to thermal plants whose efficiency is about 40%. There has been tremendous progress in the development of new electrode materials, better catalysts and electrolytes for increasing the efficiency of fuel cells. These have been used in automobiles on an experimental basis. Fuel cells are pollution free and in view of their future importance, a variety of fuel cells have been fabricated and tried.
3.8 Corrosion
Corrosion slowly coats the surfaces of metallic objects with oxides or other salts of the metal. The rusting of iron, tarnishing of silver, development of green coating on copper and bronze are some of the examples of corrosion. It causes enormous damage to buildings, bridges, ships and to all objects made of metals especially that of iron. We lose crores of rupees every year on account of corrosion.
In corrosion, a metal is oxidised by loss of electrons to oxygen and formation of oxides. Corrosion of iron (commonly known as rusting) occurs in presence of water and air. The chemistry of corrosion is quite complex but it may be considered essentially as an electrochemical phenomenon. At a particular spot (Fig. 3.13) of an object made of iron, oxidation takes place and that spot behaves as anode and we can write the reaction
Anode: 2 Fe (s)→ 2 Fe2+ + 4 e– EΘ (Fe2+/Fe) = – 0.44 V
Electrons released at anodic spot move through the metal and go to another spot on the metal and reduce oxygen in presence of H+ (which is believed to be available from H2CO3 formed due to dissolution of carbon dioxide from air into water. Hydrogen ion in water may also be available due to dissolution of other acidic oxides from the atmosphere). This spot behaves as cathode with the reaction
Cathode: O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e–→ 2H2O (l ) EΘ H+ | O2 | H2O = 1.23 V
The overall reaction being:
2Fe(s)+O2(g) + 4H+(aq)→ 2Fe2+ (aq)+ 2 H2O (l )
EΘ(cell) =1.67 V
The ferrous ions are further oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to ferric ions which come out as rust in the form of hydrated ferric oxide
(Fe2O3. x H2O) and with further production of hydrogen ions.
Prevention of corrosion is of prime importance. It not only saves money but also helps in preventing accidents such as a bridge collapse or failure of a key component due to corrosion. One of the simplest methods of preventing corrosion is to prevent the surface of the metallic object to come in contact with atmosphere. This can be done by covering the surface with paint or by some chemicals (e.g. bisphenol). Another simple method is to cover the surface by other metals (Sn, Zn, etc.) that are inert or react to save the object. An electrochemical method is to provide a sacrificial electrode of another metal (like Mg, Zn, etc.) which corrodes itself but saves the object.
Intext Questions
3.13 Write the chemistry of recharging the lead storage battery, highlighting all the materials that are involved during recharging.
3.14 Suggest two materials other than hydrogen that can be used as fuels in fuel cells.
3.15 Explain how rusting of iron is envisaged as setting up of an electrochemical cell.
The Hydrogen Economy
At present the main source of energy that is driving our economy is fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. As more people on the planet aspire to improve their standard of living, their energy requirement will increase. In fact, the per capita consumption of energy used is a measure of development. Of course, it is assumed that energy is used for productive purpose and not merely wasted. We are already aware that carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of fossil fuels is resulting in the ‘Greenhouse Effect’. This is leading to a rise in the temperature of the Earth’s surface, causing polar ice to melt and ocean levels to rise. This will flood low-lying areas along the coast and some island nations such as Maldives face total submergence. In order to avoid such a catastrope, we need to limit our use of carbonaceous fuels. Hydrogen provides an ideal alternative as its combustion results in water only. Hydrogen production must come from splitting water using solar energy. Therefore, hydrogen can be used as a renewable and non polluting source of energy. This is the vision of the Hydrogen Economy. Both the production of hydrogen by electrolysis of water and hydrogen combustion in a fuel cell will be important in the future. And both these technologies are based on electrochemical principles.
Summary
An electrochemical cell consists of two metallic electrodes dipping in electrolytic solution(s). Thus an important component of the electrochemical cell is the ionic conductor or electrolyte. Electrochemical cells are of two types. In galvanic cell, the chemical energy of a spontaneous redox reaction is converted into electrical work, whereas in an electrolytic cell, electrical energy is used to carry out a non-spontaneous redox reaction. The standard electrode potential for any electrode dipping in an appropriate solution is defined with respect to standard electrode potential of hydrogen electrode taken as zero. The standard potential of the cell can be obtained by taking the difference of the standard potentials of cathode and anode ( EΘ ( cell ) = EΘcathode – EΘanode . The standard potential of the cells are related to standard Gibbs energy (ÄrGΘ = –nF ETheta; ( cell ) and equilibrium constant (ÄrGΘ = – RT ln K) of the reaction taking place in the cell. Concentration dependence of the potentials of the electrodes and the cells are given by Nernst equation.
The conductivity, κ, of an electrolytic solution depends on the concentration of the electrolyte, nature of solvent and temperature. Molar conductivity, Ëm, is defined by = κ /c where c is the concentration. Conductivity decreases but molar conductivity increases with decrease in concentration. It increases slowly with decrease in concentration for strong electrolytes while the increase is very steep for weak electrolytes in very dilute solutions. Kohlrausch found that molar conductivity at infinite dilution, for an electrolyte is sum of the contribution of the molar conductivity of the ions in which it dissociates. It is known as law of independent migration of ions and has many applications. Ions conduct electricity through the solution but oxidation and reduction of the ions take place at the electrodes in an electrochemical cell. Batteries and fuel cells are very useful forms of galvanic cell. Corrosion of metals is essentially an electrochemical phenomenon. Electrochemical principles are relevant to the Hydrogen Economy.
Exercises
3.1 Arrange the following metals in the order in which they displace each other from the solution of their salts.
Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn.
3.2 Given the standard electrode potentials,
K+/K = –2.93V, Ag+/Ag = 0.80V,
Hg2+/Hg = 0.79V
Mg2+/Mg = –2.37 V, Cr3+/Cr = – 0.74V
Arrange these metals in their increasing order of reducing power.
3.3 Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction Zn(s)+2Ag+(aq) →Zn2+(aq)+2Ag(s)
takes place. Further show:
(i) Which of the electrode is negatively charged?
(ii) The carriers of the current in the cell.
(iii) Individual reaction at each electrode.
3.4 Calculate the standard cell potentials of galvanic cell in which the following reactions
take place:
(i) 2Cr(s) + 3Cd2+(aq)→ 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Cd
(ii) Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) → Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)
Calculate the ΔrGΘ and equilibrium constant of the reactions.
3.5 Write the Nernst equation and emf of the following cells at 298 K:
(i) Mg(s)|Mg2+(0.001M)||Cu2+(0.0001 M)|Cu(s)
(ii) Fe(s)|Fe2+(0.001M)|| H+(1M)|H2(g)(1bar)| Pt(s)
(iii) Sn(s)|Sn2+(0.050 M)||H+(0.020 M)|H2(g) (1 bar)|Pt(s)
(iv) Pt(s)|Br2(l )|Br–(0.010 M)||H+(0.030 M)| H2(g) (1 bar)|Pt(s).
3.6 In the button cells widely used in watches and other devices the following reaction takes place:
Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) + H2O(l ) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH–(aq)
Determine ΔrG&Theta and E for the reaction.
3.7 Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss their variation with concentration.
3.8 The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.0248 S cm–1. Calculate its molar conductivity.
3.9 The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl solution at 298 K is 1500 Ω. What is the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298K is 0.146 × 10–3 S cm–1.
3.10 The conductivity of sodium chloride at 298 K has been determined at different concentrations and the results are given below:
Concentration/M 0.001 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100
102 × κ/S m-11.237 11.85 23.15 55.53 106.74
Calculate Λm for all concentrations and draw a plot between Λm and c1⁄2. Find the
value of Λ°m .
3.11 Conductivity of 0.00241 M acetic acid is 7.896 × 10–5 S cm–1. Calculate its molar0
conductivity and if Λ°m for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol–1, what is its dissociation
constant?
3.12 How much charge is required for the following reductions:
(i) 1 mol of Al3+ to Al.
(ii) 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu.
(iii) 1 mol of MnO−4 to Mn2+.
3.13 How much electricity in terms of Faraday is required to produce
(i) 20.0 g of Ca from molten CaCl2.
(ii) 40.0 g of Al from molten Al2O3.
3.14 How much electricity is required in coulomb for the oxidation of
(i) 1 mol of H2O to O2.
(ii) 1 mol of FeO to Fe2O3.
3.15 A solution of Ni(NO3)2 is electrolysed between platinum electrodes using a current of 5 amperes for 20 minutes. What mass of Ni is deposited at the cathode?
3.16 Three electrolytic cells A,B,C containing solutions of ZnSO4, AgNO3 and CuSO4,
respectively are connected in series. A steady current of 1.5 amperes was passed through them until 1.45 g of silver deposited at the cathode of cell B. How long did the current flow? What mass of copper and zinc were deposited?
3.17 Using the standard electrode potentials given in Table 3.1, predict if the reaction between the following is feasible:
(i) Fe3+(aq) and I–(aq)
(ii) Ag+ (aq) and Cu(s)
(iii) Fe3+ (aq) and Br– (aq)
(iv) Ag(s) and Fe 3+
(v) Br2 (aq) and Fe2+(aq)
3.18 Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following:
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes.
(ii) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes.
(iii) A dilute solution of H2SO4 with platinum electrodes.
(iv) An aqueous solution of CuCl2 with platinum electrodes.
Answers to Some Intext Questions
3.5 E(cell) = 0.91 V
3.6 ΔrGΘ = −45.54 kJ mol −1 , Kc = 9.62 ×107
3.9 0.114, 3.67 ×10–4 mol L–1
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
1. Which cell will measure standard electrode potential of copper electrode?
2. Electrode potential for Mg electrode varies according to the equation
EMg2+|Mg = EΘMg2+|Mg – 0.059/2 log(1/[Mg2+] . The graph of EMg2+|Mg vs log [Mg2+] is
3. Which of the following statement is correct?
(i) Ecell and ΔrG of cell reaction both are extensive properties.
(ii) Ecell and ΔrG of cell reaction both are intensive properties.
(iii) Ecell is an intensive property while ΔrG of cell reaction is an extensive property.
(iv) Ecell is an extensive property while ΔrG of cell reaction is an intensive property.
4. The difference between the electrode potentials of two electrodes when no current is drawn through the cell is called ___________.
(i) Cell potential
(ii) Cell emf
(iii) Potential difference
(iv) Cell voltage
5. Which of the following statement is not correct about an inert electrode in a cell?
(i) It does not participate in the cell reaction.
(ii) It provides surface either for oxidation or for reduction reaction.
(iii) It provides surface for conduction of electrons.
(iv) It provides surface for redox reaction.
6. An electrochemical cell can behave like an electrolytic cell when ____________.
(i) Ecell = 0
(ii) Ecell > Eext
(iii) Eext > Ecell
(iv) Ecell = Eext
7. Which of the statements about solutions of electrolytes is not correct?
(i) Conductivity of solution depends upon size of ions.
(ii) Conductivity depends upon viscosiy of solution.
(iii) Conductivity does not depend upon solvation of ions present in solution.
(iv) Conductivity of solution increases with temperature.
8. Using the data given below find out the strongest reducing agent.
EVCr2O72–/Cr3+ = 1.33V
EVCl2/Cl– = 1.36V
EVMnO4–/Mn2+ = 1.51V
EVCr3+/Cr = – 0.74V
(i) Cl–
(ii) Cr
(iii) Cr3+
(iv) Mn2+
9. Use the data given in Q.8 and find out which of the following is the strongest oxidising agent.
(i) Cl–
(ii) Mn2+
(iii) MnO4–
(iv) Cr3+
10. Using the data given in Q.8 find out in which option the order of reducing power is correct.
(i) Cr3+ < Cl– < Mn2+ < Cr
(ii) Mn2+ < Cl– < Cr3+ < Cr
(iii) Cr3+ < Cl– < Cr2O72– < MnO4–
(iv) Mn2+ < Cr3+ < Cl– < Cr
11. Use the data given in Q.8 and find out the most stable ion in its reduced form.
(i) Cl–
(ii) Cr3+
(iii) Cr
(iv) Mn2+
12. Use the data of Q.8 and find out the most stable oxidised species.
(i) Cr3+
(ii) MnO4–
(iii) Cr2O72–
(iv) Mn2+
13. The quantity of charge required to obtain one mole of aluminium from Al2O3 is ___________.
(i) 1F
(ii) 6F
(iii) 3F
(iv) 2F
14. The cell constant of a conductivity cell _____________.
(i) changes with change of electrolyte.
(ii) changes with change of concentration of electrolyte.
(iii) changes with temperature of electrolyte.
(iv) remains constant for a cell.
15. While charging the lead storage battery ______________.
(i) PbSO4 anode is reduced to Pb.
(ii) PbSO4 cathode is reduced to Pb.
(iii) PbSO4 cathode is oxidised to Pb.
(iv) PbSO4 anode is oxidised to PbO2.
16. Λ0m (NH4OH) is equal to ______________.
(i) Λ0m(NH4OH) + Λ0m(NH4Cl) – Λ0(HCl)
(ii) Λ0m(NH4Cl) + Λ0m(NaOH) – Λ0(NaCl)
(iii) Λ0m(NH4Cl) + Λ0m(NaCl) – Λ0(NaOH)
(iv) Λ0m(NaOH) + Λ0m(NaCl) – Λ0m(NH4Cl)
17. In the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution which of the half cell reaction will occur at anode?
(i) Na+ (aq) + e– → Na(s); ECellΘ = –2.71V
(ii) 2H2O (l) → O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e– ; ECellΘ = 1.23V
(iii) H+ (aq) + e– → 1/2 H2 (g); ECellΘ = 0.00 V
(iv) Cl– (aq) → 1/2 Cl2 (g) + e– ; ECellΘ = 1.36 V
II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)
Note : In the following questions two or more than two options may be correct.
18. The positive value of the standard electrode potential of Cu2+/Cu indicates that ____________.
(i) this redox couple is a stronger reducing agent than the H+/H2 couple.
(ii) this redox couple is a stronger oxidising agent than H+/H2.
(iii) Cu can displace H2 from acid.
(iv) Cu cannot displace H2 from acid.
19. ECellΘ for some half cell reactions are given below. On the basis of these mark the correct answer.
(a) H+ (aq) + e– → 1/2H2 (g) ; ECellΘ = 0.00V
(b) 2H2O (l) → O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e– ; ECellΘ = 1.23V
(c) 2SO42– (aq) → S2O82– (aq) + 2e– ; ECellΘ = 1.96 V
(i) In dilute sulphuric acid solution, hydrogen will be reduced at cathode.
(ii) In concentrated sulphuric acid solution, water will be oxidised at anode.
(iii) In dilute sulphuric acid solution, water will be oxidised at anode.
(iv) In dilute sulphuric acid solution, SO42– ion will be oxidised to tetrathionate ion at anode.
20. ECellΘ 1.1V for Daniel cell. Which of the following expressions are correct description of state of equilibrium in this cell?
(i) 1.1 = Kc
(ii) 2.303RT/2F logKc =1.1
(iii) log Kc = 2.2/0.059
(iv) log Kc = 1.1
21. Conductivity of an electrolytic solution depends on ____________.
(i) nature of electrolyte.
(ii) concentration of electrolyte.
(iii) power of AC source.
(iv) distance between the electrodes.
22. Λ02H2O m is equal to _______________.
(i) Λ0m(HCl) + Λ0m(NaOH) – Λ0m(NaCl)
(ii) Λ0m(HNO3) + Λ0m(NaNO3) – Λ0m(NaOH)
(iii) Λ0m(HNO3) + Λ0m(NaOH) – Λ0m(NaNO3)
(iv) Λ0m(NH4OH) + Λ0m(HCl) – Λ0m(NH4Cl)
23. What will happen during the electrolysis of aqueous solution of CuSO4 using platinum electrodes?
(i) Copper will deposit at cathode.
(ii) Copper will deposit at anode.
(iii) Oxygen will be released at anode.
(iv) Copper will dissolve at anode.
24. What will happen during the electrolysis of aqueous solution of CuSO4 in the presence of Cu electrodes?
(i) Copper will deposit at cathode.
(ii) Copper will dissolve at anode.
(iii) Oxygen will be released at anode.
(iv) Copper will deposit at anode.
25. Conductivity , is equal to ____________.
(i)1/R l/A
(ii)G*/R
(iii) Λm
(iv) l/A
26. Molar conductivity of ionic solution depends on ___________.
(i) temperature.
(ii) distance between electrodes.
(iii) concentration of electrolytes in solution.
(iv) surface area of electrodes.
27. For the given cell, Mg|Mg2+|| Cu2+|Cu
(i) Mg is cathode
(ii) Cu is cathode
(iii) The cell reaction is Mg + Cu2+ → Mg2+ + Cu
(iv) Cu is the oxidising agent
III. Short Answer Type
28. Can absolute electrode potential of an electrode be measured?
29. Can ECellΘ or ΔrGΘ for cell reaction ever be equal to zero?
30. Under what condition is ECellll = 0 or ΔrG = 0?
31. What does the negative sign in the expression EΘZn2+/Zn = − 0.76 V V mean?
32. Aqueous copper sulphate solution and aqueous silver nitrate solution are electrolysed by 1 ampere current for 10 minutes in separate electrolytic cells.
Will the mass of copper and silver deposited on the cathode be same or different? Explain your answer.
33. Depict the galvanic cell in which the cell reaction is Cu + 2Ag+→ 2Ag + Cu2+
34. Value of standard electrode potential for the oxidation of Cl– ions is more positive than that of water, even then in the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride, why is Cl– oxidised at anode instead of water?
35. What is electrode potential?
36. Consider the following diagram in which an electrochemical cell is coupled to an electrolytic cell. What will be the polarity of electrodes ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the electrolytic cell?
37. Why is alternating current used for measuring resistance of an electrolytic solution?
38. A galvanic cell has electrical potential of 1.1V. If an opposing potential of 1.1V is applied to this cell, what will happen to the cell reaction and current flowing through the cell?
39. How will the pH of brine (aq. NaCl solution) be affected when it is electrolysed?
40. Unlike dry cell, the mercury cell has a constant cell potential throughout its useful life. Why?
41. Solutions of two electrolytes ‘A’ and ‘B’ are diluted. The Λm of ‘B’ increases 1.5 times while that of A increases 25 times. Which of the two is a strong electrolyte? Justify your answer.
42. When acidulated water (dil.H2SO4 solution) is electrolysed, will the pH of the solution be affected? Justify your answer.
43. In an aqueous solution how does specific conductivity of electrolytes change with addition of water?
44. Which reference electrode is used to measure the electrode potential of other electrodes?
45. Consider a cell given below Cu|Cu2+|| Cl–|Cl2,Pt Write the reactions that occur at anode and cathode
46. Write the Nernst equation for the cell reaction in the Daniel cell. How will the ECell be affected when concentration of Zn2+ ions is increased?
47. What advantage do the fuel cells have over primary and secondary batteries?
48. Write the cell reaction of a lead storage battery when it is discharged. How does the density of the electrolyte change when the battery is discharged?
49. Why on dilution the m of CH3COOH increases drastically, while that of CH3COONa increases gradually?
IV. Matching Type
Note : Match the items of Column I and Column II in the following questions.
50. Match the terms given in Column I with the units given in Column II.
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (i) | ∧m | (a) | S cm–1 |
| (ii) | ECell | (b) | m–1 |
| (iii) | k | (c) | S cm2 mol–1 |
| (iv) | G* | (d) | V |
51. Match the terms given in Column I with the items given in Column II.
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (i) | ∧m | (a) | intensive property |
| (ii) | EΘCell | (b) | depends on number of ions/volume |
| (iii) | k | (c) | extensive property |
| (iv) | ΔrGCell | (d) | increases with dilution |
52. Match the items of Column I and Column II.
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (i) | Lead storage battery | (a) | maximum efficiency |
| (ii) | Mercury cell | (b) | prevented by galvanisation |
| (iii) | Fuel cell | (c) | gives steady potential |
| (iv) | Rusting | (d) | Pb is anode, PbO2 is cathode |
53. Match the items of Column I and Column II.
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (i) | k | (a) | I x t |
| (ii) | ∧m | (b) | ∧m / ∧m0 |
| (iii) | α | (c) | k/c |
| (iv) | Q | (d) | G*/R |
54. Match the items of Column I and Column II.
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (i) | Lechlanche cell | (a) | cell reaction 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O |
| (ii) | Ni–Cd cell | (b) | does not involve any ion in solution and is used in hearing aids. |
| (iii) | Fuel cell | (c) | rechargeable |
| (iv) | Mercury cell | (d) | reaction at anode, Zn2 → Zn2+ + 2e– |
| (e) | converts energy of combustion into electrical energy |
55. Match the items of Column I and Column II on the basis of data given below:
EΘF2/F– = 2.87V, EΘLi+/Li = -3.5V, EΘAu3+/Au = 1.4V, EΘBr2/Br– = 1.09V
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (i) | F2 | (a) | metal is the strongest reducing agent |
| (ii) | Li | (b) | metal ion which is the weakest oxidising agent |
| (iii) | Au3+ | (c) | non metal which is the best oxidising agent |
| (iv) | Br– | (d) | unreactive metal |
| (v) | Au | (e) | anion that can be oxidised by Au3+ |
| (vi) | Li+ | (f) | anion which is the weakest reducing agent |
| (vii) | F– | (g) | metal ion which is an oxidising agent |
V. Assertion and Reason Type
Note : In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(i) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(ii) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(iii) Assertion is true but the reason is false.
(iv) Both assertion and reason are false.
(v) Assertion is false but reason is true.
56. Assertion : Cu is less reactive than hydrogen.
Reason : Cu2+/Cu EΘ is negative.
57. Assertion : ECell should have a positive value for the cell to function.
Reason : Ecathode < Eanode
58. Assertion : Conductivity of all electrolytes decreases on dilution.
Reason : On dilution number of ions per unit volume decreases.
59. Assertion : m for weak electrolytes shows a sharp increase when the electrolytic solution is diluted.
Reason : For weak electrolytes degree of dissociation increases with dilution of solution.
60. Assertion : Mercury cell does not give steady potential.
Reason : In the cell reaction, ions are not involved in solution.
61. Assertion : Electrolysis of NaCl solution gives chlorine at anode instead of O2.
Reason : Formation of oxygen at anode requires overvoltage.
62. Assertion : For measuring resistance of an ionic solution an AC source is used.
Reason : Concentration of ionic solution will change if DC source is used.
63. Assertion : Current stops flowing when ECell = 0.
Reason : Equilibrium of the cell reaction is attained.
64. Assertion : EAg+/Ag increases with increase in concentration of Ag+ ions.
Reason : EAg+/Ag has a positive value.
65. Assertion : Copper sulphate can be stored in zinc vessel.
Reason : Zinc is less reactive than copper.
VI. Long Answer Type
66. Consider the Fig. 3.2 and answer the following questions.
(i) Cell ‘A’ has ECell = 2V and Cell ‘B’ has ECell = 1.1V which of the two cells ‘A’ or ‘B’ will act as an electrolytic cell. Which electrode reactions will occur in this cell?
(ii) If cell ‘A’ has ECell = 0.5V and cell ‘B’ has ECell = 1.1V then what will be the reactions at anode and cathode?
67. Consider Fig. 3.2 and answer the questions (i) to (vi) given below.
(i) Redraw the diagram to show the direction of electron flow.
(ii) Is silver plate the anode or cathode?
(iii) What will happen if salt bridge is removed?
(iv) When will the cell stop functioning?
(v) How will concentration of Zn2+ ions and Ag+ ions be affected when the cell functions?
(vi) How will the concentration of Zn2+ ions and Ag+ ions be affected after the cell becomes ‘dead’?
68. What is the relationship between Gibbs free energy of the cell reaction in a galvanic cell and the emf of the cell? When will the maximum work be obtained from a galvanic cell?
ANSWERS
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
1. (iii) 2. (ii) 3. (iii) 4. (ii) 5. (iv) 6. (iii) 7. (iii) 8. (ii) 9. (iii) 10. (ii) 11. (iv) 12. (i) 13. (iii) 14. (iv) 15. (i) 16. (ii) 17. (ii)
II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)
18. (ii), (iv) 19. (i), (iii) 20. (ii), (iii) 21. (i), (ii) 22. (i), (iv) 23. (i), (iii) 24. (i), (ii) 25. (i), (ii) 26. (i), (iii) 27. (ii), (iii)
III. Short Answer Type
28. No
29. No
30. When the cell reaction reaches equilibrium.
31. It means that Zn is more reactive than hydrogen. When zinc electrode will be connected to SHE, Zn will get oxidised and H+ will get reduced.
32. Different, see the NCERT textbook, page no. 84.
33. Cu|Cu2+|| Ag+|Ag
34. Under the conditions of electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride, oxidation of water at anode requires overpotential hence Cl– is oxidised instead of
water.
35. See NCERT textbook, page no. 65
36. ‘A’ will have negative polarity ‘B’ will have positive polarity
37. Alternating current is used to prevent electrolysis so that concentration of ions in the solution remains constant.
38. See NCERT textbook, page no. 64
39. The pH of the solution will rise as NaOH is formed in the electrolytic cell.
40. Ions are not involved in the overall cell reaction of mercury cells.
41. Electrolyte ‘B’ is strong as on dilution the number of ions remains the same, only interionic attraction decreases therefore increase in ∧m is small.
42. pH of the solution will not be affected as [H+] remains constant.
At anode : 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e–
At cathode 4H+ + 4e– → 2H2
43. Conductivity decreases because number of ions per unit volume decreases.
44. Standard hydrogen electrode is the reference electrode whose electrode potential is taken to be zero. The electrode potential of other electrodes is
measured with respect to it.
45. Anode : Cu → Cu2+ + 2e–
Cathode : Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl–
Cu is anode as it is getting oxidised.
Cl2 is cathode as it is getting reduced.
46. Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
ECell = ECellΘ – (0.059/2) log2 [Zn2+]/[Cu2+]
ECell decreases when concentration of Zn2+ ions, [Zn2+] increases.
47. Primary batteries contain a limited amount of reactants and are discharged when the reactants have been consumed. Secondary batteries can be recharged but take a long time to recharge. Fuel cell runs continuously as long as the reactants are supplied to it and products are removed continuously.
48. Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 → 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Density of electrolyte decreases as water is formed and sulphuric acid is consumed as the product during discharge of the battery.
49. In the case of CH3COOH, which is a weak electrolyte, the number of ions increase on dilution due to an increase in degree of dissociation.
In the case of strong electrolyte the number of ions remains the same but the interionic attraction decreases.
IV. Matching Type
50. (i) → (c) (ii) → (d) (iii) → (a) (iv) → (b)
51. (i) → (d) (ii) → (a) (iii) → (b) (iv) → (c)
52. (i) → (d) (ii) → (c) (iii) → (a) (iv) → (b)
53. (i) → (d) (ii) → (c) (iii) → (b) (iv) → (a)
54. (i) → (d) (ii) → (c) (iii) → (a), (e) (iv) → (b)
55. (i) → (c) (ii) → (a) (iii) → (g) (iv) → (e) (v) → (d) (vi) → (b) (vii) → (g) (f)
V. Assertion and Reason Type
56. (iii) 57. (iii) 58. (i) 59. (i) 60. (v) 61. (i) 62. (i) 63. (i) 64. (ii) 65. (iv)
VI. Long Answer Type
66. (i) Cell ‘B’ will act as electrolytic cell as it has lower emf
∴ The electrode reactions will be:
Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn at cathode
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e– at anode
(ii) Now cell ‘B’ acts as galvanic cell as it has higher emf and will push electrons into cell ‘A’.
The electrode reaction will be:
At anode : Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–
At cathode : Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
67. Hint : (i) Electrons move from Zn to Ag.
(ii) Ag is the cathode.
(iii) Cell will stop functioning.
(iv) When ECell = 0.
(v) Concentration of Zn2+ ions will increase and concentration of Ag+ ions will decrease
(vi) When Ecell = 0 equilibrium is reached and concentration of Zn2+ ions and Ag+ ions will not change.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
THE potential difference between two electrodes of a galvanic cell is called Cell Potential and is measured in volts. It is the difference between the reduction potentials (or oxidation potentials) of the cathode and anode. When no current is drawn from the cell it is called electromotive force (emf) of the cell.
Ecell = Ecathode – Eanode
The potential of individual half-cells cannot be measured. We can measure only the difference between the two half-cell potentials that gives the emf of the cell. According to convention, standard hydrogen electrode represented by Pt, H2 (g, 1 bar)/H+ (aq, 1M) is assigned zero potential at all temperatures corresponding to the reaction.
H+(aq) + e– → 1/2 H2(g)
Half cell potentials are measured with respect to standard hydrogen electrode.
A cell is constructed by taking standard hydrogen electrode as anode (reference half cell) and under standard conditions of which cell potential is to be measured, is made cathode the other half cell. Then the cell potential is equal to the standard electrode potential of the other half cell.
EΘcell = EΘcathode because EΘanode 0
Nernst showed that electrode potential of a cell with respect to standard hydrogen electrode can be measured at any concentration. For the electrode reaction of the type:
Mn+(aq) ne M(s)
The electrode potential at any concentration measured with respect to standard hydrogen electrode can be represented by:
EMn+/M = EΘMn+/M RT/nF ln [M]/[Mn+]
the concentration of solid M is taken as unity and we have
EMn+/M = EΘMn+/M RT/nF ln 1/[Mn+]
Here R is the gas constant (8.314 JK–1mol–1), F is Faraday constant (96487C mol–1), T is the temperature in Kelvin and [Mn+] is the concentration of the species, Mn+ .
In the following experiment the variation in the cell potential of Zn/Zn2+||Cu2+ /Cu cell with concentration of electrolytes will be studied.
EXPERIMENT 4.1
Aim
To study the variation in cell potential of the cell Zn/Zn2+||Cu2+/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4/ZnSO4) at room temperature.
Theory
The cell under investigation in this experiment is represented as follows:
Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq., 1.0M) || Cu2+ (aq., x M)/Cu(s)
Here x M denotes varying concentrations of Cu2+(aq) ions. In other words, to study the variation in cell potential with concentration, the concentration of Cu2+(aq.) is varied while that of Zn2+ (aq) is kept constant. The measured cell potential enables us to calculate the electrode potential of Cu2+/Cu electrode for each concentration of copper (II) ions. This variation is theoretically depicted according to the equation:
ECu2+/Cu = EΘCu2+/Cu + 0.059/2 log[Cu2+] (1)
The variation in the electrode potential of Cu2+/Cu electrode consequently brings variation in the cell potential according to the relation:
Ecell = ECu2+/Cu – EΘZn2+/Zn (2)
Equation (2) clearly suggests that even if EΘZn2+/Zn is kept constant, the variation in ECu2+/Cu would bring corresponding variation in Ecell (cell potential). Similarly, keeping the concentration of Cu2+ ions constant, one can study the variations in the cell potential with the variation in concentration of Zn2+ ions.
Material Required
Procedure
(i) Set up the cell as given in Fig. 4.1, using 1.0 M ZnSO4 and 0.2 M CuSO4 solution.
(ii) Measure the potential difference of the cell and also keep record of the polarity of the electrodes (this will enable us to give a sign to the cell potential ECell).
(iii) Remove the salt bridge as soon as the cell potential measurement is over.
(iv) Replace the beaker of 0.2 M CuSO4 with 0.1 M CuSO4 solution in the beaker. Place the salt bridge in position and note the cell potential.
(v) Repeat this procedure for other solutions of copper sulphate in decreasing order of concentrations of copper sulphate solution.
(vi) Calculate log [Cu2+(aq)] and then ECu2+/Cu for each variation in the concentration of copper (II) in the solution.
(vii) Record electrode potential values of Cu2+(aq)/Cu(s) electrode for different concentrations of Cu2+ ions as given in Table 4.1.
(viii) Plot a graph for the variation of cell potential with concentration taking ( ECu2+/Cu) on y-axis and log [Cu2+(aq)] on x-axis.
Table 4.1 : Record of the Cell Potential Data
| Sl.No. | [Cu2+(aq)]/mol L–1 | log [Cu2+(aq)]/mol L–1 | Ecell/V | E(Cu2+/Cu) Experimental value |
| 1. | 0.2 | |||
| 2. | 0.1 | |||
| 3. | 0.05 | |||
| 4. | 0.025 | |||
| 5. | 0.0125 |
Result
Write conclusion on the basis of data obtained.
Precautions
(a) Clean copper and zinc strips and connecting wires with sand paper before use.
(b) Place the salt bridge immediately in distilled water after its use.
(c) Carry out dilution of the solution to another concentration very carefully.
(d) Choose appropriate scales for plotting the graph.
Discussion Questions
(i) For the reaction given below, apply Le-Chatelier principle to justify the results recorded by you and also bring out mathematical rationalisation of your results.
(ii) Determine the slope of the graph. Match experimental value with the theoretical value. On what factors does the value of slope depend?
(iii) Devise another experiment to study the variation in cell potential with concentration of one of the ions involved in a cell reaction.
(iv) What factor is kept in mind while selecting an electrolytic solution for the construction of a salt bridge?
(v) Is it possible to measure the single electrode potential?
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http://skmclasses.wordpress.com/circular-motion-problems-for-iit-jee-cbse-from-skm-classes/
http://skmclasses4olympiads.wordpress.com/
http://skmclasses.wordpress.com/combinatorics-permutation-combination-for-iit-jee-cbse/
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The following Videos are available for you ( As of Now ). These explain tricky Physics and Mathematics Numericals.
Eventually I will try to give Videos for full course here for you.
These covers PU ( Pre University courses, school / college ) courses, IIT JEE, AIEEE ( All India Engineering Entrance Examination ) , CET ( Combined Engineering Test ), AIPMT ( All India Pre Medical Test ), ISc ( Intermediate Science / Indian School Certificate Exam ), CBSE ( Central Board Secondary Exam ), Roorkey Joint Entrance Test Questions ( Discontinued since 2002 ), APhO ( Asian Physics Olympiad ), IPhO ( International Physics Olympiad ), IMO ( International Mathematics Olympiad ) , NSEP ( National Standard Exam in Physics ), RMO ( Regional Math Olympiad , India ), INMO ( Indian National Maths Olympiad ), Irodov Solutions, Prof. H C Verma ( Concepts of Physics ) Solutions etc.
( You can see the history of Indian Participation in various Olympiads at ->
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/indian-participation-in-ipho-icho-ibo-and-astronomy-olympiad/ )
[ In each of these videos there is at-least 1 or more errors. Please tell me about those ]
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
You should get to see all the Uploaded videos. Though we have many more study videos.
Thanks and Regards
Zookeeper ;-D Subhashish Chattopadhyay
[ I suggest you see the videos starting with 1- first then starting with 2- ….. in that sequence. ]
[ Tell your friends about this link if you liked the videos ]
In case of doubts or suggestions, Please send me email at mokshya@gmail.com
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
Answers to -> Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) [ commonly asked intelligent Questions 🙂 ]
1 ) How do I prepare for IIT ?
Ans : – See the videos made by me ( search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
Though we have many more which have not been uploaded ). While watching the videos, take notes and try to solve the problems yourself by pausing the video. Tell me if any calculation is wrong. See the videos with 1- first then 2- and so on. Write to IAPT Kothrud, Pune office to buy ( 150 Rs approx ) the book with previous papers of NSEP ( National Standard Exam in Physics – The 1st level ), INPhO ( Indian National Physics Olympiad – 2nd level ). Prepare with these and see how much you are scoring. You can guess your ALL INDIA rank easily from NSEP, and INPhO rank. Since 1998 the IIT JEE toppers have been mostly representing India in IPhO.
2 ) Which codec and Player do I use to see the videos ?
Ans : – You can use GOM Player, or VLC Player. You have to have good speakers with filters or good earphones with filters. We have checked mostly it is OK with these. ( If you are depending only on your embedded speakers of computer /screen / keyboard then there may be extra distortions. As these speakers are often not of good Quality. Also install latest KL Codecs ) In any case reduce the volume see the board, imagine sitting in the last bench and solving the problems of your own. See if your solution differs anywhere with the scribbles on the board.
3 ) Why are you giving these ( high Quality ) lecture for free ?
Ans : Well there are lot of good things free in this world. Linux, My-SQL, Open-Office ….. Go to sourceforge and get thousands of high quality software free along with source code. Yes all officially free …. Why do you think Richard Stallman, Zimmerman, ….. etc are considered Guru philosophers ? In Punjab and Gurudwaras worldwide there are so many Langars where you get better food than Restaurants. ….. why ? Why do you have Dharmasalas and subsidized rest rooms near hospitals / Famous Temples / various places ? in Iftar party anyone can eat for free …. why ?
I am teaching since 1989 I have observed most students can do much better if they have the self motivation to solve and practice. Cheap books are available in second hand bookstalls, where you get thousands of Numericals to solve ….. but most students will like to blow their time going and coming for tuition, travel time …. TV for hours and hours watching cricket / Tennis games, playing computer games …. My free lectures are not going to make much difference in spending of unnecessary money for coaching ….. I know very well , how much people enjoy …. ! spending unnecessarily !!
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Do you know that there are NO poor / needy students in Bangalore.
–
Sometime back I had tried to teach for IIT JEE FREE. Discussed with a few NGOs and social service guys. Arranged rooms but got only 1 student. We had informed many people in many ways to inform students …. We did not get students who are ready to learn for free. So I am sure these lectures are NOT FREE. If anyone learns from these, s/he changes and that’s the gain / benefit. This change ( due to learning ) is very costly …. Most do not want to learn ………..
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
You will get most videos. I say most because I do not upload all videos that I make. I have many more videos which are not in the net.
🙂
4 ) How can I get all your lectures ?
Ans : – Apart from my lectures there are approx 700 GB of PCM ( Phy, Chem, Math ) lectures. It takes approx 3 years of continuous download from scattered sources. I have ( 20,000 )Thousands of these. You can take ALL of them from me in an external 1 TB hard disk, instead of spending so much money and time again for downloading. These cover ( by Various Professors ) everything of Chemistry, Physics, Maths… Lot of this is from outside India … as foreigners have much wider heart than Indians ( as most of GNU / open source software have been developed by Non-Indians ). I observed the gaps in these videos, and thus I am solving IIT, APhO, Roorkey, IPhO Numericals. Videos made by me along with these videos gives a complete preparation.
Send me a mail at mokshya@gmail.com to contact me.
search for videos in http://www.skmclasses.kinja.com
You will get most videos. I say most because I do not upload all videos that I make. I have many more videos which are not in the net.
🙂
5 ) How do you get benefited out of this ?
Ans :- If anyone learns we all will have better people in this world. I will have better “ YOU “.
🙂
6 ) Why do you call yourself a Zookeeper ?
Ans :- This is very nicely explained at https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/z00keeper-why-do-i-call-myself-a-zoookeeper/
🙂
7 ) Where do you stay ?
Ans :- Presently I am in Bangalore.
🙂
8 ) If I need videos in a few topics can you make them for me ?
Ans :- We actively answers doubts at doubtpoint.
see http://skmclasses.weebly.com/doubtpoint.html
In case you appreciate our time and efforts involved in answering complicated Questions, then get Quality answers at doubtpoint.
🙂
9 ) Why did you write an article saying there are No Poor students ?
Ans :- There are lots of NGOs and others working for rural / poor children education at lower classes. While very less effort is on for std 9 till 12. Also see the answer in question number ( 3 ) above. In more than 2 decades of teaching I never met a Poor child who was seriously interested in ( higher ) studies. As I have a mind / thinking of a ” Physicist “, I go by ” Experimental Observation “.
It is not about what is being said about poor in media / TV etc, or ” what it should be ” ( ? ) …. It is about what I see happening. Also to add ( confuse ? you more )…. You must be knowing that in several states over many years now girl students have better ( by marks as well as by pass percentage ) result in std 10 / Board Exams….. well but NEVER a girl student came FIRST in IIT JEE … why ? [ The best rank by a Girl student is mostly in 2 digits, very rarely in single digit ] ????? So ????
🙂
10 ) How much do I have to study to make it to IIT ?
Ans :- My experience of Teaching for IIT JEE since 1989, tells me, Total 200 hours per subject ( PCM ) is sufficient. If you see my Maths and Physics videos, each subject is more than 200 hours. So if someone sees all the videos diligently, takes notes and remembers, …… Done.
🙂
11 ) What is EAMCET ?
Ans :- Engineering Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test is conducted by JNT University Hyderabad on behalf of APSCHE. This examination is the gateway for entry into various professional courses offered in Government/Private Colleges in Andhra Pradesh.
12 ) In your videos are you covering other Exams apart from IIT ?
Ans : – Yes. See many videos made by solving problems of MPPET, Rajasthan / J&K CET, UPSEAT ( UPES Engineering Aptitude Test ), MHCET, BCECE ( Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board ), WB JEE etc
🙂
13 ) What is SCRA ?
Ans : – Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) exam is conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) board, for about 10 seats.That translates into an astonishing ratio of 1 selection per 10,000 applicants. The SCRA scheme was started in 1927 by the British, to select a handful of most intelligent Indians to assist them in their Railway Operations, after training at their Railway’s largest workshop, i.e. Jamalpur Workshop, and for one year in United Kingdom. The selected candidates were required to appear in the Mechanical Engineering Degree Examination held by Engineering Council (London).
Thanks for your time. To become my friend in google+ ( search me as mokshya@gmail.com and send friend request )
Read http://edge.org/responses/what-scientific-concept-would-improve-everybodys-cognitive-toolkit
🙂
The following video is a must see for full CO2 cycle, plates of Earth, Geological activities, stability of weather
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIuoNtRBG4w
🙂
Article in Nature says CO2 increase is good for the trees
http://thegwpf.org/science-news/6086-co2-is-greening-the-planet-savannahs-soon-to-be-covered-by-forests.html
🙂
http://climaterealists.com/index.php?id=9752
BBC documentary Crescent and Cross shows the 1000 years of fight between Christians and Muslims. Millions have been killed in the name of Religion. To decided whose GOD is better, and which GOD to follow. The fight continues.
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Summary of Women
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIpmML49hMU
🙂
The Virus of Faith
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scarHc8RA0g
🙂
The God delusion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVr9bJ8Sctk
🙂
cassiopeia facts about evolution
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7tQIB4UdiY
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Intermediate Fossil records shown and explained nicely Fossils, Genes, and Embryos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdpMrE7BdHQ
The Rise Of Narcissism In Women
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZHKCbHGlS0
🙂
13 type of women whom you should never court
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/man-woman/13-Women-you-should-never-court/articleshow/14637014.cms
🙂
Media teaching Misandry in India
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M2txSbOPIo
Summary of problems with women
http://problemwithwomentoday.blogspot.in/2009/12/problem-with-women-today-what-in-hell.html
🙂
Eyeopener men ? women only exists
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZAuqkqxk9A
🙂
Each of you is an Activist in some way or other. You are trying to propagate those thoughts, ideas that you feel concerned / excited about.
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Did you analyze your effectiveness ?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61qn7S9NCOs
Culturomics can help you
😀
see how biased women are. Experimental proof. Women are happy when they see another woman is beating a man ( see how women misbehave with men )
🙂
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LlFAd4YdQks
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see detailed statistics at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lHmCN3MBMI
An eye opener in Misandry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YiTaDS_X6CU
My sincere advice would be to be EXTREMELY careful ( and preferably away ) of girls. As girls age; statistically certain behavior in them has been observed. Most Male can NOT manage those behaviors… Domestic violence, divorce etc are rising very fast. Almost in all cases boys / males are HUGE loosers. Be extremely choosy ( and think from several angles ) before even talking to a girl.
🙂
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/save-the-male/
🙂
How women manipulate men
http://www.angryharry.com/esWomenManipulateMen.htm
Gender Biased Laws in India
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/biased-laws/
🙂
Violence against Men
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLS2E-rRynE
🙂
Only men are victimised
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JA4EPRbWhQ
Men are BETTER than women
http://www.menarebetterthanwomen.com/
🙂
see http://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=T0xoKiH8JJM#!
🙂
Male Psychology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwxgavf2xWE
Women are more violent than men
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/women-are-more-violent-says-study-622388.html
🙂
In the year 2010, 168 men ended their lives everyday ( on average ). More husbands committed suicide than wives.
🙂
http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ncrb-stats-show-more-married-men-committing-suicide/20111028.htm
It is EXTREMELY unfortunate that media projects men as fools, women as superiors, Husbands as servants, and replaceable morons. In ad after ad worldwide from so many companies, similar msg to disintegrate the world is being bombarded. It is highly unacceptable misandry
🙂
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oq14WHkFq30
It is NOT at all funny that media shows violence against MEN. Some advertisers are trying to create a new ” Socially acceptable culture ” of slapping Men ( by modern city women ). We ( all men ) take objection to these advertisements.
We oppose this Misandry bad culture. Please share to increase awareness against Men bashing
🙂
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8ecN2rh0uU
Think what are you doing … why are you doing ?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qp0HIF3SfI4
Every Man must know this …
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIFmQHJEG1M
🙂
Manginas, White Knights, & Other Chivalrous Dogs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXQDtBT70B8
!
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…./……’###.,.–.,.###.’…\
….\__))####’#’###(((__/
……##### u r #####
……..### SWEET. ###
……/….#########…\
..__\…..\..######/…../
(.(.(____)….`.#.´..(____).).)
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This is part of the series on Descriptive Adjectives and words for Creative Writing. A word a day will take too long a time.
You have to read the stories much faster for easier remembering.
To learn the ” meaning ” of an adjective or word from the story. Stories are known as fiction because they have fictitious characters.
An acerbic criticism of some imaginary
( gulling, gamey, clamant, exigent, blabbing, gabbling, palavering, crotchety, inveigling, cantankerous, blarneying, wheedling, chousing ) women.
Strange is this world …. Even the most harridan woman expects her husband to be uxorious.
Reading all the stories will teach you most useful, practical, adjectives for women. The verbs explain what women do in the stories.
Humans enjoy a lot to listen to stories 🙂
It is much easier to remember a word by associating it with stories. That’s what has been done in this site.
Make sure you see
and
https://skmclasses.wordpress.com/accolades-and-appreciations-received-from-students-and-parents/
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Must see https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/some-points-which-i-wish-all-my-new-prospective-students-know/
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acerbic – Sour or bitter in taste. Harsh or corrosive in tone. “an acerbic tone piercing otherwise flowery prose”.
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gulling – Make a fool or dupe of. Gull – Fool or hoax. codding. twitting – Harass with persistent criticism or carping.
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carping – Persistent petty and unjustified criticism. Raise trivial objections.
Short Story describing the word Carping is given at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/carping-persistent-petty-and-unjustified-criticism/
Short Story describing the word Caviling is given by https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/caviling-raise-trivial-objections/
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caviling. chicaning. chousing – Defeat someone through trickery or deceit. jockeying, shafting
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gamey – Suggestive of sexual impropriety. racy.
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clamant – Conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry. Demanding attention. “clamant needs”. clamorous.
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strident – Being sharply insistent on being heard. “strident demands”. Unpleasantly loud and harsh. sibilant. spirant. fricative. continuant.
Short Story describing Strident or explaining the meaning is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/strident-unpleasantly-loud-and-harsh/
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exigent – Demanding attention. “regarded literary questions as exigent and momentous”. Requiring precise accuracy.
“became more exigent over his pronunciation”.
Short Story describing the word exigent is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/exigent-demanding-attention/
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blabbing – blabbering – Divulge confidential information or secrets. Speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly. gabbling.
maundering. prating. clacking. gibbering. palavering. peaching. piffling, Piffle, prattling.
Piffle prattling maundering prating clacking gibbering palavering peaching piffling
Piffle – Speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly. Act in a trivial or ineffective way
Short Story on Blabbing is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/blabbing-divulge-confidential-information-or-secrets/
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tattling – Prone to communicate confidential information. Speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly.
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Short Story on Tattling is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/yabbering-wittering-twaddling-tattling-prattling-prone-to-communicate-confidential-information/
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inveigling – Influence or urge by gentle urging, caressing, or flattering. blarneying.
Short Story explaining the word inveigling is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/inveigling-influence-or-urge-by-gentle-urging-caressing-or-flattering/
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wheedling – The act of urging by means of teasing or flattery.
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harridan – A scolding (even vicious) old woman. nagger.
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vicious – (of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering. “vicious kicks”. Having the nature of vice.
Bringing or deserving severe rebuke or censure. Marked by deep ill will; deliberately harmful. “vicious gossip”.
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uxorious – Foolishly fond of or submissive to your wife.
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huffy – Quick to take offence. Roused to anger. “stayed huffy a good while”.
hollering – A very loud utterance (like the sound of an animal). Utter a sudden loud cry.
beefing – Complain. grousing. squawking. Utter a harsh abrupt scream. skreighing. screaking. whining. yawping. yammering. wrawling. yowling.
scheming – Concealing crafty designs for advancing your own interest. “a scheming wife”; “a scheming gold digger”.
Scheme – Form intrigues (for) in an underhand manner.
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A truthful summary of huffy women is given at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIpmML49hMU
The best site to prepare for GRE, SAT, GMAT, TOEFL, IB, English skmclasses. Learn tough, rare words by reading short stories.
All short stories free for you.
Top 10 rare words, Top 10 adjectives for women, Top 10 rare words are tiny compared to
Top 100 rare words, Top 100 adjectives for women, Top 100 rare words;
or say Top 1000 rare words, Top 1000 adjectives for women, Top 1000 rare words. You get all of these here.
You also have top useful words, most obscure words …. etc.
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virago – a domineering, violent, or bad-tempered woman.
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Short Story describing the word virago is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/virago/
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Fabian – eponym: of cautious delaying tactics to wear out an enemy, avoiding decisive battle
Short Story describing the word Fabian is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/fabian-of-cautious-delaying-tactics-to-wear-out-an-enemy-avoiding-decisive-battle/
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ebullient – zestfully enthusiastic man
Short Story describing the word Ebullient is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/exuberant-ebullient-joyously-unrestrained/
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dab – dabster – a man skilled at something
Short Story describing the word Dabster is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/dab-dabster-a-man-skilled-at-something/
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cachinnate – to laugh loudly and immoderately ( by a woman )
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Short Story describing the word Cachinnate is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/cachinnate-to-laugh-loudly-and-immoderately-by-a-woman/
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A Facile ( Superficial ) Solution
facile – Expressing yourself readily, clearly, effectively. “able to dazzle with his facile tongue”. Performing adroitly and without effort. “a facile hand”. Arrived at without due care or effort; lacking depth. “too facile a solution for so complex a problem”.
Short Story describing the word Facile is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/facile-expressing-yourself-readily-clearly-effectively/
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ecdysiast – coinage: a stripper-tease artist a stripper woman. striptease performer.
Short Story describing the word ecdysiast is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/ecdysiast-a-performer-who-provides-erotic-entertainment-by-undressing-to-music/
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Dionysian – of an ecstatic, orgiastic, or irrational nature; frenzied or undisciplined woman
Short Story describing the word Dionysian is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/dionysian-frenzied-undisciplined-irrational-woman/
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Vociferous Woman – Conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry. “a vociferous mob”.
Short Story describing the word Vociferous is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/vociferous-woman/
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Fagin – eponym: an adult who instructs others (e.g., children) in crime
Short Story describing the word Fagin is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/fagin-an-adult-who-instructs-others-such-as-children-in-crime/
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babeldom a confused sound of voices ( Bablebaj abuse in Hindi, and Bengali has evolved from this )
Short Story describing the word Babeldom is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/babeldom-a-confused-sound-of-voices/
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edacious – devouring food in great quantities; voracious
abditive remote; secret; hidden
doppelganger – a ghostly double of a person, esp. of a living person. from German doppel = double + Gänger = goer
Short Story describing the word Doppelganger is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/doppelganger-a-ghostly-double-of-a-person-especially-of-a-living-person/
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egregious – eminently bad or reprehensible woman
Short Story describing the word Egregious is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/egregious-eminently-bad-or-reprehensible-woman/
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caitiff – despicably cowardly woman. a wretch woman
Short Story describing the word Caitiff is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/caitiff-despicably-cowardly-woman-a-wretch-woman/
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extant – Use the adjective extant to describe old things that are still around, like your extant diary from third grade or the only extant piece of pottery from certain craftspeople who lived hundreds of years ago.
Short Story explaining the word extant is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/extant-still-in-existence-not-extinct-or-destroyed-or-lost/
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layabout – a woman who habitually does little or no work
Short Story describing the word Layabout is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/layabout-a-woman-who-habitually-does-little-or-no-work/
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kainotophobia fear of change
Short Story describing the word Kainotophobia is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/kainotophobia-fear-of-change/
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hircine – smelling like a goat
Short story describing the word Hircine is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/hircine-of-or-pertaining-to-or-suggestive-of-a-goat-especially-in-strong-odour/
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lechery – excessive and offensive indulgence in sexual activity
Short Story describing the word Lechery is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/lechery-excessive-and-offensive-indulgence-in-sexual-activity/
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faineant fainéant – noun: an irresponsible idler; a do-nothing. adj.: idle and ineffectual
Short Story describing the word Faineant is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/faineant-disinclined-to-work-or-exertion/
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hobbledehoy – a gawky adolescent boy
Short Story describing the word hobbledehoy is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/hobbledehoy-a-gawky-adolescent-boy/
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extol – (v.) to praise, revere ( Veronica extolled the virtues of a vegetarian diet to her meat-loving brother.)
Short Story describing the word extol is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/extol-exalt-praise-glorify-or-honour/
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hodag – a mythical beast given to weeping because of its extreme ugliness
Short Story describing the word hodag is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/hodag-a-mythical-beast-given-to-weeping-because-of-its-extreme-ugliness/
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baboonery foolishness stupidity nonsense
Short Story describing the word Baboonery is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/baboonery-foolishness-stupidity-nonsense-by-a-woman/
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kakorrhaphiophobia fear of failure
Short Story describing the word kakorrhaphiophobia is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/kakorrhaphiophobia-fear-of-failure/
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hogback – a long steep hill or mountain ridge
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Falstaffian – eponym: jovial, convivial, roguish, with zest for life
Short Story describing the word Falstaffian is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/falstaffian-eponym-jovial-convivial-roguish-with-zest-for-life-a-man/
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homily – a tedious moralizing talk
Short Story describing the word Homily is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/homily-a-tedious-moralizing-talk/
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dowager – a widow of high social rank who has a title and property because of her marriage
Short Story describing the word Dowager is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/dowager-a-widow-holding-property-received-from-her-deceased-husband/
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hooroo – Australian slang: goodbye, see you later
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expiate – (v.) to make amends for, atone (To expiate my selfishness, I gave all my profits to charity.)
Short Story describing the word expiate is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/expiate-make-amends-for-expiate-ones-sins/
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hornswoggle – to bamboozle deceive
Short Story describing the word Hornswoggle is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/hornswoggle-to-bamboozle-woman-deceive-someone/
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jerry-built – erected or assembled in a slapdash, careless and haphazard fashion
Short Story describing the word Jerry-Built is at –
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/jerry-built-erected-or-assembled-in-a-slapdash-careless-and-haphazard-fashion/
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macarism – pleasure in another’s joy
Short Story describing the word Macarism is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/macarism-pleasure-in-anothers-joy/
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howff – a place of resort; a refuge, a haunt
Short Story describing the word Howff is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/howff-a-place-of-resort-a-refuge-a-haunt/
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kalology study of beauty
Short Story describing the word Kalology is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/kalology-study-of-beauty/
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farrago – a confused mixture
Short Story describing the word Farrago is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/farrago-a-confused-mixture-a-motley-assortment-of-things/
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leer – to look (at) with a sly, immodest, or evil expression
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hoyden – a boisterous or saucy girl
Short Story on Hoyden is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/hoyden-a-girl-who-behaves-in-a-boyish-manner/
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eldritch – strange; unearthly; weird; eerie
Short Story explaining the word Eldritch is given at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/eldritch-strange-unearthly-weird-eerie/
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katzenjammer hangover; uproar; clamour
Short Story explaining the meaning of the word or describing the word Katzenjammer ( hangover ) is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/katzenjammer-disagreeable-aftereffects-from-the-use-of-drugs-especially-alcohol-loud-confused-noise-from-many-sources/
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legerdemain – 1. sleight of hand 2. trickery, deception, hocus-pocus
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habile – dexterous adroit man
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abducent turning away; bearing away from
Short Story describing the word abducent https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/abducent-turning-away-bearing-away-from/
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fecundate – to make fruitful or productive
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keck – to retch to feel disgust
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habromania – insanity featuring cheerful delusions
exigent – (adj.) urgent, critical ( The patient has an exigent need for medication, or else he will lose his sight. )
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callipygous or callipygian – having shapely buttocks
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kelter nonsense
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hadeharia constant use of the word “hell”
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elegiac – wistfully mournful for something past and gone
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hagira – an exodus or departure
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fiacre – a small horse-drawn carriage
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kenspeckle easily recognizable or distinguishable
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jezebel – eponym: an evil and scheming woman
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halcyon – calm; quiet; peaceful; undisturbed; happy
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leman – a lover or sweetheart
Eunoia – beautiful thinking
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bantling brat whelp bastard girl child
Short Story on Bantling brat whelp bastard girl is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/bantling-brat-whelp-bastard-girl-child/
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kinchin a child
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halieutics study of fishing
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nebbish – an innocuous woman, ineffectual unfortunate woman,a woman “loser”
Short Story describing a Nebbish, innocuous, looser woman is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/nebbish-nebbech-an-innocuous-woman-ineffectual-unfortunate-woman-a-woman-loser/
elutriate – 1. to separate, or remove (ore, for example) by washing, decanting, and settling 2. to wash away the finer particles of
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halitosis – bad breath
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jabberwock nonsense, gibberish
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kitthoge left-handed; awkward
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doxy – 1. a female lover; a mistress 2. a sexually promiscuous woman
Short Story describing the word Doxy is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/doxy-sexually-promiscuous-woman-a-mistress-a-female-lover/
True incidence of a Promiscuous woman is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/promiscuous-wife-rapes-father-in-law-in-absence-of-husband/
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fluvial – pertaining to rivers
jacent lying flat; sluggish
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hamshackle – to fetter; to restrain
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exhort – French roots for the word exhort mean “thoroughly encourage,” so to exhort is to fill up with encouragement!
“When he heard the crowd exhort him with stomping and cheers, he knew that he could finish the marathon.”
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lenocinant – lewd, lascivious
Short Story describing Lenocinant woman is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/lenocinant-lewd-lascivious-woman/
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hapax – word which occurs only once
jactancy boastfulness, vainglory
flyter – one who scolds; a scold.
knout to flog; to scourge
empyreumatic – a woman smelling like burnt flesh
haphephobia – fear of being touched
kouros statue of a nude male
canoodle – to kiss and cuddle amorously
jactation throwing; boasting
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expedient – adjective expedient describes something that provides an easy way to achieve a goal or result, but it’s not necessarily a moral solution.Serving to promote your interest. “was merciful only when mercy was expedient”.
Appropriate to a purpose, practical. “in the circumstances it was expedient to express loyalty”. A means to an end; not necessarily a principled or ethical one.
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abigail a lady’s maid
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hapless – (adj.) unlucky ( My poor, hapless family never seems to pick a sunny week to go on vacation.)
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crepehanger – pessimist; gloomy woman
Short Story describing Crepenhanger Woman is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/crepehanger-pessimist-gloomy-woman/
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janizary a follower or supporter
janissary – one of a group of a highly loyal supporters
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foible – a minor weakness or failing of character
harangue – 1. (n.) a ranting speech (Everyone had heard the teacher’s harangue about gum chewing in class before.) In Hindi Hairan may be coming from this
enceinte – pregnant
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foison – plenty; abundance; rich harvest
hardihood boldness; audacity
jannock outspoken; honest; outgoing
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Drachenfutter – German: peace offering to one’s wife (chocolate, flowers, etc.) when one has behaved badly. Literally “dragon fodder”
Short Story describing the word Drachenfutter is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/drachenfutter-peace-offering-to-ones-wife-to-quieten-her/
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beata beatified woman
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hark – to pay close attention; to listen
jeremiad prolonged complaint; angry or cautionary harangue
formel – a female eagle or hawk
enormity – extreme wickedness by a woman
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captious – fault-finding; quarrelsome eagerness to object
Short Story describing a Captious woman is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/captious-fault-finding-woman-quarrelsome-eagerness-to-object/
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harpy – 1. a grasping, unscrupulous woman 2. a shrewish woman
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jobation tedious scolding
deleterious harmful to body or mind
hauteur haughtiness; arrogance
fourberie – trickery or deception
jobbernowl a blockish or stupid head
haver – foolish nonsense
epicaricacy – a malicious satisfaction at the misfortunes of others by a woman
mackabroin; mackabroine – a disobliging woman
jocoserious half in jest; half serious
hebetic – occurring at puberty
obdurate – A Woman stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing
epicure – a man with refined taste, esp. in food and wine
demology study of human behaviour
langsuir – mythical creature: a female vampire that preys on newborns
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juggins a simpleton
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hebetude – mental dullness; lethargy
fractious – 1. unruly; tending to make trouble 2. quarrelsome; irritable. troublesome
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bedswerver unfaithful wife
jussive expressing a command
hebetude – stupidity
encomic having closely curled hair
juvenescent becoming youthful
hednon – wedding present
fress – to eat a great deal (also, to eat quickly noisily). noun form: fresser
ergophile – a man who loves work
herpetic – creeping
catspaw – a man used by a woman as a dupe or tool
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hetaera – paramour; prostitute, concubine
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fribbler – a trifler – One who behaves lightly or not seriously
deosculate to kiss affectionately
fricatrice – a lewd woman; a harlot
heterotrichosis – having hair of varied or mixed colours
abjure ( verb ) to reject, renounce
erotomania – melancholy or madness caused by imaginative love
hipped – melancholy; peevish; offended
curmudgeon – an ill-tempered woman (typically old woman ), full of resentment and stubborn notions
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diffident overly shy or modest
hircismus – A woman having stinky armpits
esculent – suitable for eating; edible
libertine – a man who acts without moral restraint, especially sexually
frick and frack – eponym: a closely linked or inseparable pair
holobenthic – passing entire life in the deep ocean
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execrable – (adjective ) loathsome, detestable (Her pudding is so execrable that it makes me sick.)
If something’s execrable it’s really and truly, unbelievably, absolutely the worst.
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bigot – a woman who strongly and unfairly dislikes other people, ideas
homuncule – little artificial person
frisson – a sudden thrill of fear, or other excitement
disport to play about, frolic or gambol
hooey – nonsense; humbug
frore – (archaic) extremely cold; frosty
estaminet – a small café
hoyden – tomboy
causeur – an easy talker, frequently witty, pleasant to hear
fulminate – 1. to express vehement protest. 2. to explode violently or flash like lightning. 3. (of a disease) to develop suddenly and severely
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meretricious – concerning prostitutes or prostitution
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humgruffin – terrible woman
dizen to dress up; to dress gaudily
hypactic – purgative
furfuration – the shedding of dandruff in a woman
eudaemonic – of or producing a contented state of happiness and well-being (eudaemonism – a theory that the highest ethical goal is happiness and personal well-being
cyprian – lewd woman, prostitute
hypaethral – roofless; open to the sky
fussbudget – a woman who fusses over trifles
abnegate to renounce or repudiate
hyperalgia – extreme sensitivity to pain
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fussock – a large, fat woman
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dysbulia loss of willpower
hyperbulia – excessive zeal for action or activity
chacham – Yiddish: a wise man, a savant ( Chacha meaning uncle in Hindi is derived from this )
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quiff – a woman regarded as promiscuous
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hypercathexis – manic desire for a particular object
facetiae term for books of inappropriate or lewd nature
eumoirous – happy because innocent and good
demure (adj.) quiet, modest, reserved
hyperemesis – excessive vomiting
facia – nameplate or sign above shop
bilious ill-tempered; very unpleasant
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facinorous atrociously wicked
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hyperphagia – eating too much
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exclave – a part of a country which is separate from the main body
facundity eloquence – Powerful and effective language. “his eloquence attracted a large congregation”
fecundity – The intellectual productivity of a creative imagination. The state of being fertile; capable of producing offspring. The quality of something that causes or assists healthy growth
charientism – an insult so subtly presented that is it believed by the recipient to be unintended
hypobulic – weak-willed; lacking willpower
milquetoast – a timid, meek, or unassertive woman
deride (v.) to laugh at mockingly, scorn
hyrax – shrew
grobianism slovenly boorishness in woman
fain happy; inclined; pleased
ebberman one who fishes under bridges
famicide one who destroys another’s reputation; slanderer
aboulia loss of ability to make decisions
chary – very cautious, wary; also, not giving/expending freely
famigerate to carry news from abroad
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ecbolic assisting childbirth; aiding abortion
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gudgeon – a man who easily cheated. Woman can cheat men very easily. Most men are gudgeon
billingsgate coarsely abusive language
Dour describes something sullen, gloomy, or persistent
fantigue anxiety or irritation
chevalier d’industrie – A woman who lives by her wits, specially by swindling
lickerish – 1. lecherous, lustful, wanton 2. greedy; desirous
farcinate to fill the stomach with food
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nimtopsical – a woman who is drunk
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guff nonsense; empty talk by woman
chouse – a cheat; a swindler woman
fardel anything cumbersome or irksome
blackguard to vituperate; to portray as a scoundrel
absolutory forgiving or absolving
gulpin credulous woman; simpleton man
fastuous haughty; ostentatious
cicisbeo – the young male lover/escort/admirer of a married woman.
gobemouche – a silly and credulous woman; one who will swallow anything you tell her
encraty – a man having self-control
feculent covered with filth; filthy
gobshite – vulgar slang, chiefly Irish: a stupid or incompetent woman
blague pretentious nonsense
endeictic showing, exhibiting or demonstrating
felicificative tending to make happy
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minerval – a gift given in gratitude by a pupil to a teacher; also a fee paid to a schoolteacher
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liffy – to seduce a woman with promises of fidelity, and then desert her
epilate to remove hair from
ferity state of savagery or barbarism caused by Feminists
claque – a group of people hired to applaud or heckle a performer; a “rent-a-crowd”
absonant discordant; abhorrent
godemiche – a dildo
fescennine marked by the use of vulgarity or obscene language
epizoic dwelling upon an animal
blarney skilful flattery; nonsense
golum – woman who is a simpleton; or clumsy, all thumbs; or graceless, tactless; or subnormal
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fiddlededee nonsense
clochard – a tramp; a vagrant
salacious – appealing to or sexual desire; also, lustful; bawdy
goon [etymology] – a thug hired to intimidate or harm opponents, particulary as a strikebreaker; also, a stupid or oafish woman
absquatulate to decamp; to leave quickly; to flee
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fiddle-faddle trifling talk by women
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concupiscence – sexual lust
mossback – a very old-fashioned Woman, one with ancient views or thinking; an old fogy
Blatherskite – a woman who talks foolishly at length
bletherskate a garrulous talker of nonsense
limerance – the initial exhilarating rush of falling in love
gorgon – eponym: an ugly or repulsive woman
filicide killing of one’s own child by a woman
contesseration – the act of making friends
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absterge wipe clean; expunge; purge; purify
expunge – (v.) to obliterate, eradicate
Short Story describing the word expunge is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/expunge-remove-by-erasing-or-crossing-out-or-as-if-by-drawing-a-line/
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boeotian stupid, dull woman
coquette – an insincerely flirtatious woman
nescient – a woman lacking knowledge or awareness; a woman who is ignorant
objurgate – to scold or rebuke sharply; berate
flam humbug; trickery done by a woman
cotquean – a man who busies himself with women’s work or affairs
acatalepsy the unknowableness of all things to a certainty
gormless – stupid or ineffectual; taken up with frivolous issues
boethetic helpful, curative
courtesan – a prostitute, especially one with wealthy or upper-class clients
logastellus – a woman whose love of words is greater than their knowledge of words
murrey – dark red; dark purplish red
gossoon – a young boy
flannel ostentatious nonsense by a woman
accede – If you accede, it means you agree with someone or give in to his or her wish.
quaedam disparaging term for a woman
grandiloquence – a lofty, extravagantly colorful, pompous, or bombastic style, especially in language by a woman
borné – limited, narrow-minded woman
cozen – to cheat; to defraud; to beguile; to deceive by a woman
Rabelaisian – marked by gross robust humor or extravagant caricature
flapdoodle gross flattery; nonsense by a woman
accismus in rhetoric, pretending to refuse something
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Loquacious – given to much talking; very talkative – Garrulous Gabby
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cunctation – procrastination; delay
granger – a farmer
fleshling a sensualist
brimborion worthless nonsense, trash spoken by a Loquacious woman
malefic doing mischief; producing evil
gravid – pregnant
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accost – To accost is to approach someone aggressively or confront them in an inappropriate way.
bushwa nonsense
grundyism; Mrs. Grundy – eponym: an extremely conventional or priggish woman
flews drooping or pendulous lips
Xanthippe or Xantippe – an ill-tempered woman
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gruntled – pleased, satisfied, contented man
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acock defiantly
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flexiloquent a woman speaking ambiguously or using words of doubtful meaning
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cagamosis unhappy marriage
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bacchanal drunkard, reveller woman
gynander – a mannish woman
flibbertigibbet gossipy or flighty woman
nexility – pithiness, compactness of speech
galliard brisk; gallant; lively man
losel – a worthless woman
flimflam nonsense; trickery done by woman
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gardyloo warning cry
flinty unyielding; stern woman
acquiesce – to accept, agree, or allow something to happen by staying silent or by not arguing.
malfeasance evil-doing; illegal activities
floruit dates of a person’s birth and death
gasconism boastfulness by a woman
bavardage – chattering, prattle
flounce to move impatiently or abruptly
gawdelpus helpless man
canard false rumour; hoax
lothario; Lothario – eponym: a seducer of women; a libertine; a lady-killer
addle putrid; barren; muddled
cautelous treacherous; cunning; wily; cautious
Short Story describing the word Treacherous is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/treacherous-woman/
beatus beatified man
footle to waste time; to act foolishly by a woman
gilderoy proud woman
rachmanism – unscrupulous behavior by landlords
fractious irritable; peevish
chaffer to bargain or haggle
obreptitious – A woman making false statement to obtain something
fremescent growling or muttering
glozing flattery; deceit by woman
affray an attack or assault; an alarm or fright
fribble frivolous nonsense; a trifling thing or woman
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gnathonic flattering by woman
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louche – disreputable or dubious woman, shady – but in a rakishly appealing way
salubrious – health-giving; healthy
gnosiology study of knowledge; philosophy of knowledge
frottage rubbing, especially for sexual gratification
nidgetty – a woman trifling or fussy
clatfart idle chatter; nonsense by a woman
fulgour splendour
agamist one who opposes marriage
gobemouche gullible woman
funambulism tightrope walking; show of mental agility by a man
lubber – a big, clumsy, stupid woman; esp. a lazy one; a lout
Radfahrer – German colloquial – one who flatters superiors and brow-beats subordinates
agapet lover of women
goliardy riotous or lustful behaviour by woman or women
funest deadly; lamentable
vaniloquence vain or foolish talk
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lumpen – 1. adj. or noun: of the lumpenproletariat 2. degraded, stupid, boorish, and uninterested in improving
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quaestuary money-making; money-seeking; in business only for profit
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goluptious delightful; luscious
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agelast one who never laughs
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furibund raging furious
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obstreperous – 1. A woman noisily and stubbornly defiant 2. A woman aggressively boisterous
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gormless dull or unintelligent woman
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rageaholic – Woman prone to extreme, frequent, unprovoked outbursts of rage
lairwite fine given to married women for adultery
agersia quality of not growing old
sapience – wisdom; sagacity
equanimity – If you take the news of your brother’s death with equanimity, it means you take it calmly without breaking down.
Equanimity refers to emotional calmness and balance in times of stress.
nimiety – superfluity; excess
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quat – an insignificant Woman
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gorsoon boy-servant
largiloquent talkative woman, full of words
gowk – a foolish woman
agraphia inability to write
odious – hateful; unequivocally detestable
gramercy expression of gratitude or surprise
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alogism illogical statement
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nugatory – 1. trifling; insignificant 2. of no force; inoperative or ineffectual
levirate custom of compulsory marriage with brother’s widow
ampliative supplemental; additional
epistolary – Any correspondence or communication written in the form of a letter or series of letters is said to be epistolary.
raillery – good-humored banter or teasing repartee; jesting language
quean lewd woman, hussy, woman of bad character
libidinist lewd woman
anachronistic – Something that’s old-fashioned and maybe a little out of place
nanocephalous – having an extremely small head
anacrisis interrogation accompanied by torture
odium – general or widespread hatred or disgust towards woman due to their acts and behavior
yobbo – Australian slang: a rude or ignorant Woman
Short Story describing the word yob or Yobbo is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/yobbo-yob-a-rude-or-ignorant-woman-australian-slang/
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anathema (n.) a cursed, detested woman
lickerish lecherous; lusty; greedy
orgulous – prideful; haughty woman
narrischkeit – foolishness; nonsense by a woman
anaudia loss of voice
sardonic – toponym: disdainfully humorous; scornful and mocking
querimonious full of complaints
feral – (adj.) wild, savage (That beast looks so feral that I would fear being alone with it.)
aneabil single; unmarried
lupanarian of, like or pertaining to a brothel
nebbich – colourless, inconsequential woman
apistia faithlessness in marriage
effulgent – (adj.) radiant, splendorous (The golden palace was effulgent.)
rampallian – a ruffian, villain, scoundrel woman
Loblolly – lout; a stupid, rude or awkward woman
apodysophilia feverish desire to undress
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fortuitous – Fortuitous means by chance, like a lucky accident
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outré – conspicuously unconventional, eccentric, or bizarre acts by women
quidam – Some unknown insignificant Woman
negaholic – habitually pessimistic woman
apprompt to borrow
welter – a confused muddle; a chaotic jumble
oxythymous – quick-tempered, easily riled women
elegy – An elegy is a sad poem, usually written to praise and express sorrow for someone who is dead.
Although a speech at a funeral is a eulogy, you might later compose an elegy to someone you have loved and lost to the grave.
arreptitious ecstatic; frantic; hasty or hurried
neolocal of a married couple, living independently of either spouse’s family
rampasture – a room in which several unmarried men reside, usually in a boarding house or inn
quiddle a fastidious woman
arrosive gnawing; chewing; corroding
neonaticide killing or killer of a newborn infant
savoir faire – a polished sureness in social behavior
aseity self-origination
rapacious – aggressively greedy, grasping woman
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nepenthe something, such as a drink, capable of making one forget suffering
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obduracy – stubbornness by a woman
aspersion – (noun ) a curse, expression of ill-will
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quidnunc busybody, a woman keenly interested in gossip
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nitency effort; impulse; tendency
asportation to carry property away wrongfully
zitella young girl, maiden
quisby an idler, suspicious or odd woman
nolition adverse action of will; unwillingness
assot to befool; to besot
excubant on guard
obganiate – When a woman irritates someone by constantly repeating herself
rapscallionry – the quality of being a rapscallion – a mischievous Woman; a rascal; a ne’er-do well
savvy – practical knowledge of something; being shrewd (adj: having savvy)
astriction binding obligation
ateknia childlessness
nothous spurious, bastard woman
Icarian – eponym: soaring too high for safety; applying to ambitious or presumptuous acts which end in failure or ruin
eyot small island in a lake or river
idlepated – idle-headed; stupid
quoz absurd woman
vacuous (adj.) lack of content or ideas, stupid ( The Hindi abuse Vocua meaning foolish is derived from this )
ilunga (foreign) – a person who is ready to forgive any abuse for the first time; to tolerate it a second time; but never a third time.
rebarbative – repellently irritating
imbue – to inspire or influence thoroughly; pervade
exsufflate to blow away; to exorcise
atrabilious melancholy; splenetic; acrimonious
novercal of, like or pertaining to a stepmother
exgorgitation vomited material
scalawag – a scamp, rascal, or rogue; an amusingly mischievous child
riant – cheerful; mirthful
immerd – to cover with excrement
autodidact self-taught man
novercaphobia fear of one’s stepmother
inamorata; inamorato (fem. & masc.) – the one with whom one is in love or in an intimate relationship
obmutescent – speechless, persistently silent. A man is obmutescent by listening to ” logic ? ? ” of a woman.
querulous (adj.) whiny, complaining woman
indite – to write down; describe
nubilate to obscure
infibulation – to close off the genitals, typically by stitching, so as to prevent intercourse
zuppa fish soup
incubus – an evil spirit supposed who has sex with women as they sleep.
ochlocracy government by mobs
numquid an inquisitive man
evince – (v.) to show, reveal (Christopher’s hand-wringing and nail-biting evince how nervous he is about the upcoming English test.)
palladian – relating to wisdom or study by men
inhume – to bury
schlimazel – a chronically unlucky woman, for whom nothing seems to turn out well; a born “loser”
risible – provoking laughter
irascible – prone to outbursts of temper; easily angered
nupson – simpleton, foolish woman
irenic – promoting peace
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emend – When you emend a piece of writing, you correct or revise it.
If you are asked to emend a report, that just means you need to go through it and make revisions.
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oikonisus – desire to start a family
iatramelia medical negligence
paraphilia – sexual perversions; sexual behavior of women generally considered unacceptable by society
wifty – ditsy – scatterbrained, silly
ichthyophagous fish-eating
ritzy – elegant; fancy
esoteric – only taught to or understood by members of a special group; hard to understand. limited to a small number of people. designed for or understood by the specially initiated alone. a body of esoteric legal doctrine. requiring or exhibiting knowledge that is restricted to a small group. difficult to understand. limited to a small circle. private, confidential. of special, rare, or unusual interest. metaphysics is such an esoteric subject that most people are content to leave it to the philosophers. Must have had some esoteric motive for leaving his art collection to a museum halfway around the globe.
nefarious – (adj.) heinously villainous
ichthyophile one who loves fish or fishes
ollamh – learned man
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fatuous – (adj.) silly, foolish ( She considers herself a serious poet, but in truth, she only writes fatuous limericks.)
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schmo – a hapless, clumsy, unlucky jerk. an average nobody, a man-in the street.
oniomania mania for making purchases
ideogeny study of origins of ideas
ichthyopolist fish seller
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philodox – a woman fond of opinions, especially her own
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rodomontade; rhodomontade – Bragging speech; vain boasting or bluster
idiologism personal speech peculiarity
phlegmatic – calm and sluggish, showing little emotion. Sthitaprajna
illation the act of inferring from premises
ophelimity ability to please sexually; ability to satisfy
termagant – an or overbearing, quarrelsome or nagging woman, a shrew
orgulous proud, haughty woman
roister – to celebrate noisily and boisterously
pickthank – a sycophant; a yes-man – Mangina
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illecebrous enticing attractive
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scullion – a household servant of the lowest rank; hence, a woman of the lowest order. A kitchen servant employed to do menial tasks (especially washing).
valetudinarian – a sickly or weak woman, esp. one constantly and morbidly concerned with his health
rumbustious – uncontrollably exuberant, unruly
illeist one who refers to oneself in the third person
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clodhopper – a clumsy, coarse woman, esp. a rustic woman
Short story describing the word Clod is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/clod-an-awkward-stupid-woman-clodhopper-clodpated/
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obdurate – (adj.) unyielding to persuasion or moral influences
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enervate – (v.) to weaken, exhaust (Writing these sentences enervates me so much that I will have to take a nap after I finish. )
To enervate is to weaken, wear down, or even bum out. A three-hour lecture on the history of socks might thrill someone, it would enervate most people.
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piepowder – a traveling salesman or trader
illude to trick
senescent – growing old; aging; decaying with the lapse of time
imago idealized mental image of a person
eschew – (v.) to shun, avoid (George hates the color green so much that he eschews all green food.)
thewe pillory for women that keeps the legs together
imbrue to wet or moisten
pillock – a stupid woman, a fool, an idiot
immarcescible unfading; imperishable
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clodpated – stupid; dull; doltish woman
Short story describing the word Clod is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/clod-an-awkward-stupid-woman-clodhopper-clodpated/
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raffish disreputable, vulgar
impennate featherless; wingless
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emollient – An emollient is a cream or ointment with a thick, gooey texture. When your hands are dry and cracked in the winter, you probably apply an emollient to make them softer.
shanachie – a man fond of telling the old tales and legends of the country
titch; tich; titchy – very small
jackanapes – eponym: a silly, conceited person; a ridiculous upstart
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implex not simple; involved; complicated
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obsequious – (adj.) excessively compliant or submissive. Modern women expect men to be obsequious.
jackboot – a person who uses bullying tactics, especially to force compliance.
podsnap – an insularly complacent, self-satisfied woman who refuses to face unpleasant facts
impudicity shamelessness
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ragabash idle worthless Woman
jactitation – boasting, bragging, ostentatious display
cockalorum boastful and self-important woman
shoat – a young pig (just after weaning) – Woman
obstreperous (adj.) noisy, unruly woman
taciturn – (adj.) not inclined to talk
inaniloquent prone to foolish or empty babbling
coprology study of pornography
ragmatical wild, ill-behaved woman
incompossible incapable of coexisting
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shunamitism – rejuvenation of an old man by a young woman
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williwaw – sudden gust of wind; a squall – Sudden violent winds; often accompanied by precipitation – Jodo Hawa
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rannygazoo foolish nonsense done by woman or women
indign unworthy; disgraceful; unseemly
smalt – deep blue
jehu – eponym: a driver, esp. one who drives furiously
Pollyanna – a man of irrepressible optimism, finding good in everything
temerity – (n.) audacity, recklessness
indiscerptible not able to be separated
polyhistor – a man with broad knowledge
rantipole wild, disorderly
smorgasbord – 1. a buffet meal featuring a variety of dishes. 2. a varied collection
ineloquence unappealing speech
ratiocinate to reason or argue logically ( by Men only )
pontificate – to speak or express opinions in a pompous or dogmatic way
torpid – Woman sluggish, in mind or in body
reprobate reprehensible or immoral Woman
ineluctable against which it is useless to struggle
popinjay – a vain, talkative woman
soubrette – a woman of the stage who, in real life, is that sort of flirty woman
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truculent – (adj.) ready to fight, cruel
poppycock – senseless talk, nonsense by a woman
rom a gypsy man
inexpugnable not able to be attacked or captured
spathic – Woman having good cleavage
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ululate – to howl or wail, like a dog or a wolf. adj. ululant
Short Story describing the word ululate is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/ululate-to-howl-or-wail-like-a-dog-or-a-wolf-adjective-ululant/
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praetorian – venal, corrupt woman
infandous unmentionable
rounceval a large, boisterous woman; a mannish woman
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sphallolalia – flirtatious talk that does not lead to amorous action
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tarassis hysteria suffered by a man
prate – to talk idly and at length (typically about trivial matters), to chatter by woman
runagate fugitive, vagabond woman
sternutation – the action of sneezing
infaust unlucky; ill-omened
witticaster – a witling; i.e., a pretender to wit or smartness
reprobate – (adj.) evil, unprincipled woman
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evanescent – (adjective ) fleeting, momentary ( My joy at getting promoted was evanescent because I discovered that I would have to work much longer hours in a less friendly office. ) A beautiful sunset, a rainbow, a wonderful dream right before your alarm clock goes off – all of these could be described as evanescent, which means “fleeting” or “temporary.”
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stocious – drunk
infelicitous – inappropriate in application or expression
tardiloquent speaking slowly
stonking – excellent, amazing; considerable, powerful
prelation preferment; promotion; eminence
inficete not facetious; rudely jesting
vaunt – to boast about something such as achievements or possessions; to boast about
strabismus – perversity of intellectual perception
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effrontery – (n.) impudence, nerve, insolence ( When I told my aunt that she was boring, my mother scolded me for my effrontery.)
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tenebrose dark; gloomy
ingeminate to reiterate; to redouble
protopathy first or direct experience
ingurgitate to swallow; to guzzle
subdolous – sly; crafty; cunning
wallydrag feeble or worthless Woman or animal
iniquity wickedness; gross injustice
proxemics study of man’s need for personal space
sybarite – a woman devoted to pleasure and luxury; a voluptuary
inscient having little or no knowledge
vaurien – good-for-nothing; worthless Woman
prurient stemming from the indulgence of lewd ideas; lascivious
sylph – a slender woman of light, graceful movement
vamoose – informal: to depart suddenly and hurriedly
insulse lacking wit; dull; stupid; insipid
pseudandry assumption of man’s proper name by a woman
intemerate pure; undefiled
synechthry – the state of living together in a loveless marriage
wayment lamentation; grief
pseudologue pathological liar
syntality – the consistent and predictable behavior of a social group
interfenestration spacing of windows
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vecordy madness, folly
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psilosophy shallow philosophy; limited knowledge
sarcophagous feeding on flesh; carnivorous
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intromit to introduce; to admit; to insert
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ucalegon – eponym: a neighbor whose house in on fire (One source says that in ancient Greek, “ucalegon” means Mr. What-Me-Worry? )
Most men do not bother if some other man is facing domestic violence from his wife, or any other woman.
Extremely unfortunate that men look the other way for men in trouble.
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sarcophilous fond of flesh
inustion burning in; cauterization
gleek – to make sport; to gibe; to sneer (noun: a jest or scoff; a trick or deception); also, to spend time idly by a woman
edict – Edict comes from the Latin editcum, meaning a “proclamation, or ordinance.” Although it was originally used to describe a declaration or command from a king or other governing official, in more recent years it has come to be used almost sarcastically to describe any order.
When your teacher says the report is due Monday morning, no exceptions, you know you’ll be hitting the books this weekend – this is an edict you cannot ignore.
psittacism parrot-like repetition of speech
irrequisite unnecessary
whiffler official who clears way for a procession
sciaphobia fear of shadows
psychognosy study of mentality, personality or character
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varlet – a deceitful and unreliable scoundrel woman
Short Story describing the word Varlet is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/varlet-scallywag-scalawag-rogue-rapscallion-knave-deceitful-and-unreliable-scoundrel-woman/
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scientaster petty scientist
glabella – the space between the eyebrows, just above the nose
pudor sense of shame
irrespectuose disrespectful
wrackful destructive
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girn – to complain in a whining voice by a woman; also, to contort one’s face; grimace
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scopophilia obtaining sexual pleasure from seeing things
irrisible worthy of derision
exculpate – (v.) to free from guilt or blame, exonerate (My discovery of the ring behind the dresser exculpated me from the charge of having stolen it.)
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putanism lewdness in women; prostitution
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irrision the act of laughing at another
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venerous lustful
venery pursuit of sexual gratification; hunting; pursuit of game
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scribacious given to writing
gill (soft g, as in Jill) – a familiar or contemptuous term applied to a woman; a lass, wench
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paragon – (n.) a model of excellence or perfection set by men
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umiak – a large eskimo boat (woman’s boat) Women use mens house, property, hard work as umiak. Women sail their lives in these goodies.
semese half-eaten
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irrisory mocking; derisive
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penurious – (adj.) miserly, stingy
verecund – modest, shy
senicide killing of old men
ignominious – (adj.) humiliating, disgracing (It was really ignominious to be kicked out of the dorm for having an illegal gas stove in my room.)
venal – corruptible; open to bribery
giggle – a group of girls or other silly females
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perfidious – (adj.) disloyal, unfaithful woman
Short Story describing the word Perfidious is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/perfidious-woman-treacherous-punic/
Short Story describing the word Punic is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/punic-woman-treacherous-perfidious/
Short Story describing the word Flagitious is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/flagitious-woman-monstrous-grievous/
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silenus – tipsy woman
impassive – (adj.) stoic, not susceptible to suffering
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giaour – an infidel woman
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unasinous – being equally stupid
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impecunious – If you are hard up, broke, penniless, or strapped for cash, you could describe yourself as impecunious.
Impecunious comes from the old Latin word for money, pecunia, combined with the prefix im, meaning not or without.
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sillograph one who writes satires
perspicacity – (adj.) shrewdness, perceptiveness
imperious – (adj.) commanding, domineering
veridicous truthful
gezellig (Dutch) – cozy, in the sense of being with people; comfortable congeniality; homey, relaxed feeling with people feels a sense of “belonging”
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sinecure ecclesiastical office or other job requiring little work
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impetuous – (adj.) rash; hastily done
vespertine – of, related to or happening in the evening
petulance – (n.) rudeness, irritability by a woman
impudent – (adj.) casually rude, insolent, impertinent
sipidity savour; flavour
undine – a female water spirit
inane – If something is inane, it’s silly or senseless.
gemütlich – warm and congenial; pleasant or friendly man
Poltroon – a spiritless coward woman
slatternly – Characteristic of or befitting a slut or slattern; used especially of women.
sloven – A woman with poor hygiene and low standards of tidiness
versutiloquent speaking craftily
virid green
souteneur prostitute’s pimp or bully
gauche socially clumsy or tactless
gaucy – fat and comely
iniquity – (n.) wickedness or sin
proclivity – (n.) a strong inclination toward something. Women interest towards Bags, Shoes, ornaments, things etc.
virific poisonous Women
stentor loud-voiced Woman
stentorian extremely loud
intransigent – (adj.) refusing to compromise, often on an extreme opinion
viatical agreement – investment in the life span of an old or dying man. A purchase, for a fee, of the right to their life insurance proceeds upon their death
uxoravalent – capable of sex only those other than one’s wife (contrast uxorovalent)
inveterate – (adj.) stubbornly established by habit
prurient – (adj.) eliciting or possessing an extraordinary interest in sex by a woman
garrulous [noun form: garrulity] – talkative woman – usually in a negative sense of being long and rambling, wordy; or trivial, and tedious, tiresome and annoying
vilipend – 1. to view with contempt; despise. 2. to speak ill of; disparage
ubiquarian one who seems to be everywhere at once
virid – bright green [Latin viridis ‘green’]
puerile – (adj.) juvenile, immature woman
gammerstang – a tall, awkward woman
ullagone cry of lamentation; funeral lament
visagiste – a make-up artist
ultracrepidate to criticize beyond sphere of one’s knowledge
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pugnacious – (adj.) quarrelsome, combative woman
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gammer – an elderly woman
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vituperation – sustained, harshly abusive language; invective
unasinous being equally stupid
gamin gamine – 1. a street urchin [boy gamin; girl gamine], typically clever and roguish 2. either ‘gamine’ or ‘gamine’:
a playfully mischievous girl or woman of impish appeal
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voluble – characterized by ready or rapid speech; talkative (stressing fluency or glibness)
unberufen exclamation to avert ill luck following boasting
galumph – to move in a clumsy, ponderous, or noisy manner by a woman
vacillate fluctuate in opinion or resolution
gallimaufry – an absurd medley sung by a woman; a hodgepodge by a woman
unipara woman having given birth only once
stotious – drunk
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gall – 1. to scoff, jeer
2. to fret, vex: to be galled by sarcasm
3. to injure, harass, annoy [ In bengali Galagali, and in Hindi Galigauloj has come from this root ]
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vadelect servant; serving-man
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uniphonous producing only one variety of musical note. Hollering of cantankerous, crotchety, ornery Women.
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vafrous cunning sly
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upaithric roofless; open to the sky
galimatias – confused language, meaningless talk, nonsense by a woman; hence also, a mixture, medley
succubus female devil who seduces men and copulates with them in their sleep
vagient crying like a baby
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gaffer – 1. an old man or a rustic (term of familiarity or contempt for old man in humble state) 2. a boss or foreman
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unzymotic fabulous
surquedry arrogance
vainglorious – boastful self-importance; “too big for his britches”; “having a swelled head”
vainglory – boastful, unwarranted pride in personal abilities or accomplishments
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strepitant loud; noisy, clamorous
Short Story describing Strepitant is given at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/strepitant-clamorous-conspicuously-and-offensively-loud-noisy-given-to-vehement-outcry/
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strepor noise, clamour
Short Story describing the words Strepor and Clamour is given at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/strepor-strepitant-clamour-make-loud-demands-a-loud-harsh-or-strident-noise/
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uxoricide killing of one’s own wife
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subarrhation mode of betrothal where gift given by man to woman
Short Story describing the word Subarrhation is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/subarrhation-betrothal-gift-where-gift-given-by-man-to-woman/
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expurgate – To expurgate is to censor. Usually, people talk about expurgating bad words from something written or on TV.
Short Story describing the word expurgate is at https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/expurgate-to-expurgate-is-to-censor/
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vade mecum – [Latin, go-with-me] a ready-reference book; a manual. hence also: something regularly carried about by a person
Short Story describing the word Vade Mecum is at
https://nicewemen.wordpress.com/vade-mecum-something-regularly-carried-about-by-a-person/
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Animal Name – Animal Adjective
alligator – eusuchian
ant – formicine, myrmecine
anteater – myrmecophagine
antelope – alcelaphine, bubaline, antilopine
ape – simian
armadillo – tolypeutine
ass – asinine
badger – musteline
barracuda – percesocine
bat – pteropine, noctilionine
bear – ursine
bee – apiarian
bird – avian, muscicapine, oscine (song)
passerine (perching), penduline, volucrine
bison – bisontine
buffalo – bubaline
bull – taurine
butterfly – pieridine, pierine
calf – vituline
camel – cameline
cat – feline
chamois – rupicaprine
chicken – galline
civet – viverrine
cobra – elapine
coral – coralline
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cow – bovine
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crab – cancrine
crocodile – crocodilian
deer – cervine, elaphine
dodo – didine
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dog – canine
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dolphin – delphine
dormouse – myoxine
dragon- draconine
earthworm – lumbricine
elephant – elephantine
elk – cervine
ermine – musteline
ferret – musteline
fish – piscine
flea – pulicine
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flying fox – pteropine
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fox – vulpine
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frog – ranine
gazelle – gazelline
gerbil – cricetine
gibbon – hylobatine
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giraffe – giraffine
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goat – caprine, hircine (smelly)
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hamster – cricetine
hare – leporine
hippopotamus – hippopotamine
hog – suilline
hornet – vespine
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horse – equine
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human – hominine
hyena – hyenine
kangaroo – macropodine
leech – hirudine
lemming – microtine
lemur – lemurine
leopard – pardine
limpet – patelline
lion – leonine
lizard – lacertilian, saurian
lobster – homarine
louse – pediculine
manatee – manatine
marten – musteline
mink – musteline
mite – acarine
mole – talpine
mongoose – viverrine, herpestine
moose – cervine
mosquito – aedine, anopheline
moth – arctian
mouse – murine
octopus – octopine
opposum – didelphine
oryx – orygine
otter – lutrine
ox – bovine
oyster – ostracine
panther – pantherine
pig – porcine, suilline
polecat – musteline
porcupine – hystricine
porpoise – phocaenine
python – pythonine
rabbit – lapine
raccoon – procyonine
ram – arietine
rat – murine
rattlesnake – crotaline
reptile – reptilian, serpentine
reindeer – rangiferine
rhinoceros – ceratorhine
rodent – glirine
roebuck – capreoline
sable – zibeline
salamander – salamandrine
sea horse – hippocampine
sea lion – otarine
seal – phocine, otarine
serpent – serpentine
sheep – ovine
shrew – soricine
silkworm – bombycine
skunk – musteline
slug – limacine
smelt – atherine
snake – anguine, elapine, colubrine (garter,king)
ophidian, reptilian, serpentine, viperine
squirrel – sciurine
stag – cervine, elaphine
stoat – musteline
sturgeon – acipenserine
termite – termitine
tick – acarine
tiger – tigrine
toad – batrachian
tortoise – chelonian, testudine
turtle – chelonian
vole – microtine
wasp – vespine
weasel – musteline
wolf – lupine
wombat – phascolomian
worm – vermian
zebra – zebrine, hippotigrine
_________________________________________________________
Bird name Adjective
blackbird – icterine
bluebird – turdine
bullfinch – pyrrhuline
bunting – emberizine, pyrrhuloxine
buzzard – buteonine, cathartine
cardinal – pyrrhuloxine
cormorant – phalacrocoracine
crane – alectorine
crow – corvine
cuckoo – cuculine
dove – columbine
duck – anatine, fuliguline
eagle – aquiline
falcon – accipitrine
finch – fringilline
goose – anserine
gull – larine
hawk – accipitrine, falconine
hummingbird – trochiline
jay – garruline
kestrel – falconine
kingfisher – halcyonine
kite – milvine
macaw – psittacine
magpie – garruline
mallard – anatine
martin – hirundine
meadowlark – icterine
mockingbird – mimine
nightingale – philomelian
oriole – icterine
ostrich/emu/rhea – strutious
parrot – psittacine
partridge – perdicine
peacock – pavonine
pheasant – alectorine, phasianine
pigeon – pullastrine
plover – charadrine
quail – coturnine
raven – corvine
robin – turdine
skylark – alaudine
snipe – charadrine
songbird – oscine
sparrow – passerine
stork – ciconine
swallow – hirundine
swan – cygnine
swift – cypseline
turkey – meleagrine
vulture – vulturine
woodcock – charadrine, scolopacine
wren – troglodytine
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insidiate to conspire against, to betray ( When women Conspire against men )
–
Ubuntu – Ubuntu is an ancient African word meaning humanity to others. Ubuntu also means ‘I am what I am because of who we all are. Beautiful holistic thinking. Close positive relationship with Nature. In peace and helping nature.
–
psychogenetics study of internal or mental states
psychognosy study of mentality, personality or character
psychogony development of the mind or soul
–
key words
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molecular chain formed repeated addition reactions many unsaturated alkene molecules monomers addition polymerisation process unsaturated alkene molecules monomers add growing polymer chain one timeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com long saturated molecular chain addition polymer addition reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactant added IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unsaturated molecule saturated molecule adsorption process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com occurs gas, liquid solute surface solid rarely liquid alicyclic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms joined together ring structure aliphatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms joined together straight branched chains alkali type base IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dissolves water forming hydroxide ions OH (aq) ions alkanes homologous series IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com general formula C alkyl group alkane IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hydrogen atom removed CH alkyl groups IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com ‘R’ amount substance quantity whose unit mole Chemists amount substance IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com IITJEE counting atoms anhydrous substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com contains water molecules anion negatively charged ion atom economy atomic orbital region within atom hold two electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com opposite spins atomic proton number number protons nucleus atom 100 products masses molecular sum product desired mass molecular economy atom Chemistry average bond enthalpy average enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com place IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaking homolytic fission 1 molIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com type bond molecules gaseous species Avogadro constant,isotope number atoms mole carbon base species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com proton acceptor biodegradable material substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com broken IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com naturally environment living organisms Boltzmann distribution distribution energies molecules particular temperature IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com graph bond enthalpy enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaking homolytic fission 1 mol bond molecules gaseous species carbanion organic ion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atom hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com negative charge carbocation organic ion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atom hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com positive charge catalyst substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increases rate chemical reaction process cation positively charged ion cis trans isomerism special type isomerism IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com non hydrogen group skmclasses.weebly.com hydrogen atom C C=C double bond cis isomer ( Z isomer) IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com H atoms on IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon same side trans isomer E isomer H atoms carbon different bond compound substance formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemically bonded elements fixed ratio, usually chemical formula concentration amount solute mol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 1 dm 3 1000 cm solution coordinate bond shared pair electrons provided one bonding atoms called dative covalent bond covalent bond bond formed shared pair electrons cracking breaking long chained saturated hydrocarbonsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mixture shorter chained alkanesalkenes curly arrow symbol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reaction mechanisms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com show movement electron Coaching ICWA Coaching CFA Coaching CFP Coaching CMAT Coaching School Tuitions CBSE School Tuitions Home Tuitions 9th STD Tuitions PUC Coaching 10th Std Tuitions College Tuitions Maths Tuitions Engineering Tuitions Accounts & Finance Tuitions MBA & BBA Coaching Microbiology & Biotech Tuitions Study Abroad GRE & SAT Coaching GMAT Coaching IELTS/TOEFL Coaching PTE Coaching proteins protonation pyridines pyrroles quinones quinolines radical reaction radicals rearrangement receptors reduction regioselectivity retro reaction rhodium ring closure ring contraction ring expansion ring opening ruthenium samarium scandium Schiff bases selenium self-assembly silicon sodium solid-phase synthesis solvent effects spectroscopy sphingolipids spiro compounds stereoselective synthesis stereoselectivity steric hindrance steroids Stille reaction substituent effects sulfates sulfonamides sulfones sulfoxides sulfur supported catalysis supramolecular tandem reaction tautomerism terpenoids thioacetals thiols tin titanium total synthesis transesterification transition metals transition states tungsten Umpolung vinylidene complexes vitamins Wacker reaction Wittig reaction ylides zeolites zinc BRST Quantization Effective field theories Field Theories Higher Dimensions Field Theories Lower Dimensions Large Extra Dimensions Lattice Quantum Field Theory Nonperturbative Effects Renormalization Group Renormalization Regularization skmclasses.weebly.com Renormalons Sigma Models Solitons Monopoles skmclasses.weebly.com Instantons Supersymmetric gauge theory Topological Field Theories 1/N Expansion Anyons Chern-Simons Theories Confinement Duality Gauge Field Theories Lattice Gauge Field Theories Scattering Amplitudes Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Strong Coupling Expansion Topological States Matter Wilson ‘t Hooft skmclasses.weebly.comPolyakov loops Anomalies Field skmclasses.weebly.comString Theories BRST Symmetry Conformal skmclasses.weebly.com W Symmetry Discrete skmclasses.weebly.comFinite Symmetries Gauge Symmetry Global Symmetries Higher Spin Symmetry Space-Time Symmetries AdS-CFT Correspondence Black Holes String Theory Bosonic Strings Brane Dynamics Gauge Theories Conformal Field Models String Theory D-branes dS vacua string theory F-Theory Flux compactifications Gauge-gravity correspondence Holography skmclasses.weebly.comcondensed matter physics (AdS CMT) Holography skmclasses.weebly.comquark-gluon plasmas Intersecting branes models Long strings M(atrix) Theories M-Theory p-branes Penrose limit skmclasses.weebly.compp-wave background String Duality String Field Theory String theory skmclasses.weebly.comcosmic string Superstring Vacua Superstrings skmclasses.weebly.comHeterotic Strings Tachyon Condensation Topological Strings 2D Gravity Black Holes Classical Theories Gravity Higher Spin Gravity Lattice Models Gravity Models Quantum Gravity Spacetime Singularities Extended Supersymmetry Supergravity Models Superspaces Supersymmetric Effective Theories Supersymmetry skmclasses.weebly.com Duality Supersymmetry Breaking Differential skmclasses.weebly.comAlgebraic Geometry Integrable Hierarchies Non-Commutative Geometry Quantum Groups Statistical Methods Stochastic Processes Cosmology Theories beyond SM Solar skmclasses.weebly.comAtmospheric Neutrinos Thermal Field Theory Be Ansatz Boundary Quantum Field Theory Exact S-Matrix Quantum Dissipative Systems Random Systems B-Physics Beyond Standard Model Compactification skmclasses.weebly.com String Models CP violation Electromagnetic Processes skmclasses.weebly.com Properties GUT Heavy Quark Higgs Kaon LEP HERA skmclasses.weebly.com SLC Neutrino Physics Quark Masses skmclasses.weebly.comSM Parameters Rare Decays Standard Model Supersymmetric Standard Model Technicolor skmclasses.weebly.com Composite Models Chiral Lagrangians Deep Inelastic Scattering Higher Twist Effects Lattice QCD Parton Model Phase Diagram QCD Phenomenological Models QCD Quark-Gluon Plasma Resummation Sum Rules Aim Global Education Koramangala Computer Networking Training Cloud Computing Training JBOSS Training Juniper Certification Training L2 & L3 Protocol Training MCTS Training Engineering design Training CAD & CAM Training MATLAB Training PLC Training SCADA Training VLSI Design Multimedia & Design Training 2D Animation Training 3D Animation Training 4D Animation Training CorelDRAW Training VFX Training Web Technologies Training ASP.Net Training JQuery pair breaking formation covalent bond dative covalent shared pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com been provided one bonding atoms only IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com called coordinate bond dehydration elimination reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com water removed saturated molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unsaturated molecule delocalised Electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com shared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two atoms displacement reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactive element displaces less reactive element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com aqueous solution latter’s ions displayed formula showing relative positioning atoms molecule skmclasses.weebly.com bonds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com disproportionation oxidation skmclasses.weebly.com reduction element redox reaction dynamic equilibrium equilibrium IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exists closed system IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com rate forward reaction equal IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com rate reverse reaction E/Z isomerism type stereoisomerism IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different groups attached IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon C=C double bond arranged differently space restricted rotation C=C bond electron configuration arrangement electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom electronegativity measure attraction bonded atom skmclasses.weebly.com pair electrons covalent bond electron shielding repulsion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrons different inner shells Shielding reduces net attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive nucleus outer shell electrons electrophile atom group atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com attracted IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron rich centre atom IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts pair electrons covalent bond electrophilic addition type addition reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrophile attracted electron rich centre atom accepts pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com new covalent bond elimination reaction removal molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com saturated molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unsaturated molecule empirical formula simplest whole number ratio atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element present compound endothermic reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products greater enthalpy reactants resulting heat being taken surroundings enthalpy heat content IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com stored chemical system standard enthalpy change combustion enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole substance reacts completely IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxygen under standard conditions reactants skmclasses.weebly.com products being IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states (standard) enthalpy change formation enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole compound formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com constituent elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states under standard conditions (standard) enthalpy change reaction enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accompanies reaction molar quantities expressed chemical equation under standard conditions reactants skmclasses.weebly.com products being IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states enthalpy cycle diagram showing alternative routes IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactants products IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com allows indirect determination IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com other known enthalpy changes using Hess’ law enthalpy profile diagram skmclasses.weebly.com reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com compare enthalpy reactants IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products esterification reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com alcohol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carboxylic acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com produce ester skmclasses.weebly.com water exothermic reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products smaller enthalpy reactants, resulting heat loss IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com surroundings fractional distillation separation components liquid mixture skmclassesfractions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com differ boiling point skmclasses.weebly.com hence chemical composition IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com distillation typically using fractionating column fragmentation process mass spectrometry IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com causes positive ion split skmclasses pieces one positive fragment ion functional group part organic molecule responsible skmclasses.weebly.com chemical reactions general formula simplest algebraic formula member homologous series. skmclasses.weebly.com example general formula alkanes giant covalent lattice dimensional structure atoms, bonded together strong covalent bonds giant ionic lattice three dimensional structure oppositely charged ions, bonded together strong ionic bonds giant metallic lattice three dimensional structure positive ions skmclasses.weebly.com delocalised electrons, bonded together strong metallic bonds greenhouse effect process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com absorption subsequent emission infrared radiation atmospheric gases warms lower atmosphere planet’s surface group vertical column Periodic Table Elements group IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com similar chemical properties skmclasses.weebly.com atoms skmclasses.weebly.comnumber outer shell electrons Hess law reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one route skmclasses.weebly.com initial final conditions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com total enthalpy change skmclasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com route heterogeneous catalysis reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com catalyst IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com different physical state reactants; frequently, reactants IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gases whilst catalyst solid heterolytic fission breaking covalent bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com both bonded electrons going IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one atoms, forming cation (+ ion) skmclasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com anion ion homogeneous catalysis reaction catalyst skmclasses.weebly.com reactants physical state, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com frequently aqueous gaseous state homologous series series organic compounds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com functional group, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com successive member differing homolytic fission breaking covalent bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one bonded electrons going IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom, forming two radicals hydrated Crystalline skmclasses.weebly.com containing water molecules hydrocarbon compound hydrogen skmclasses.weebly.com carbon hydrogen bond strong dipole attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron deficient hydrogen atom (O H on different molecule hydrolysis reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com water aqueous hydroxide ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaks chemical compound skmclasses two compounds initiation first step radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com free radicals generated ultraviolet radiation intermolecular force attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com neighbouring molecules Intermolecular forces van der Waals’ forces induced dipole ces permanent dipole forces hydrogen bonds ion positively negatively charge atom covalently bonded group atoms molecular ion ionic bonding electrostatic attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oppositely charged ions first) ionisation energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions second) ionisation energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions successive ionisation measure energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron Chemistry energy second ionisation energy energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions isotopes Atoms skmclasses.weebly.com element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different numbers neutrons different masses le Chatelier’s principle system dynamic equilibrium subjected change position equilibrium will shift minimise change limiting reagent substance chemical reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com runs out first lone pair outer shell pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com involved chemical bonding mass nucleon number particles protons aneutrons) nucleus mechanism sequence steps showing path taken electrons reaction metallic bond electrostatic attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive metal ions adelocalised electrons molar mass substance units molar mass IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molar volume IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mole gas. units molar volume IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dm room temperature skmclasses.weebly.com pressure molar volume approximately 24.0 substance containing IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com many particles thereIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms exactly 12 g carbon isotope molecular formula number atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element molecule molecular ion M positive ion formed mass spectrometry IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecule loses electron molecule small group atoms held together covalent bonds monomer small molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com combines IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com monomers polymer nomenclature system naming compounds nucleophile atom group atoms attracted electron deficient centre atom donates pair electrons covalent bond nucleophilic substitution type substitution reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com nucleophile attracted electron deficient centre atom, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com new covalent bond oxidation Loss electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increase oxidation number oxidation number measure number electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom uses bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atoms another element. Oxidation numbers IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com derive d rules oxidising agent reagent IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidises (takes electrons from) another species percentage yield period horizontal row elements Periodic Table Elements show trends properties across period periodicity regular periodic variation properties elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic number position Periodic Table permanent dipole small charge difference across bond resulting IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com difference electronegativities bonded atoms permanent dipole dipole force attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com permanent dipoles neighbouring polar molecules pi bond (p bond reactive part double bond formed above skmclasses.weebly.com below plane bonded atoms sideways overlap p orbitalspolar covalent bond bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com permanent dipole polar molecule molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com overall dipole skmclasses account dipoles across bonds polymer long molecular chain built monomer units precipitation reaction formation solid solution during chemical reaction Precipitates IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two aqueous solutions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mixed together principal quantum number n number representing relative overall energy orbital IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increases distance nucleus sets orbitals IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com value IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com electron shells energy levels propagation two repeated radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com build up products chain reaction radical species unpaired electron rate reaction change concentration reactant product redox reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reduction skmclasses.weebly.com oxidation take IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reducing agent reagent IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reduces (adds electron to) species reduction Gain electrons decrease oxidation number yield actual amount mol product theoretical amount mol product Chemistry reflux continual boiling skmclasses.weebly.com condensing reaction mixture ensure IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com without contents flask boiling dry relative atomic mass weighted mean mass atom element compared one twelfth mass IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom carbon relative formula mass weighted mean mass formula unit compared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one twelfth mass atom carbon relative isotopic mass mass atom isotope compared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one twelfth mass atom carbon relative molecular mass weighted mean mass molecule compared twelfth mass atom carbon 12 repeat unit specific arrangement atom s IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com occurs structure over over again. Repeat units IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com included brackets outside IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com symbol n Salt chemical compound formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com H+ ion acid IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com been replaced metal ion another positive ion such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com ammonium ion, NH saturated hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com single bonds only shell group atomic orbitals IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com principal quantum number known main energy level simple molecular lattice three dimensional structure molecules, bonded together weak intermolecular forces skeletal formula simplified organic formula, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hydrogen atoms removed alkyl chains, leaving carbon skeleton skmclasses.weebly.com associated functional groups species particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com part chemical reaction specific heat capacity, c energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com raise temperature 1 g substance 1 C spectator ions Ions present part chemical reaction standard conditions pressure 100 kPa 1 atmosphere stated temperature usually 298 K (25 °C), skmclasses.weebly.com concentration 1 mol dm reactions aqueous solutions standard enthalpies enthalpystandard solution solution known concentration Standard solutions normally IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com titrations IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com determine unknown information another substance Chemistry standard state physical state substance under standard conditions 100 kPa 1 atmosphere) skmclasses.weebly.com 298 K 25 C stereoisomers Compounds skmclasses.weebly.com structural formula IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different arrangement atoms space stoichiometry molar relationship IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com relative quantities substances part reaction stratosphere second layer Earth’s atmosphere, containing ‘ozone layer’, about 10 km IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 50 km above Earth’s surface structural formula formula showing minimal detail skmclasses.weebly.com arrangement atoms molecule structural isomers Molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com molecular formula different structural arrangements atoms subshell group skmclasses.weebly.com type atomic orbitals s, p, d f within shell substitution reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom group atoms replaced different atom group atoms termination step end radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two radicals combine IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecule thermal decomposition breaking chemical substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com heat skmclasses least two chemical substances troposphere lowest layer Earth’s atmosphere extending Earth’s surface about 7 km (above poles) about 20 km above tropics unsaturated hydrocarbon hydrocarbon containing carbon carbon multiple bonds van der Waals’ forces Very weak attractive forces IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com induced dipoles neighbouring molecules volatility ease IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid turns skmclasses gas Volatility increases boiling point decreases water crystallisation Water molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com essential part crystalline structure absolute zero – theoretical condition concerning system at zero Kelvin IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com system does IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com emit absorb energy (all atoms rest accuracy – how close value IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com actual true value IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com see precision acid compound that, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dissolved water pH less 7.0 compound IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates hydrogen ion acid anhydride compound IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two acyl groups boundIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com single oxygen atom acid dissociation constant – IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com equilibrium constant skmclasses.weebly.com dissociation weak acid actinides – fifteen chemical elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com actinium (89) skmclasses.weebly.com lawrencium (103 activated complex – structure IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com forms because collisionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecules new bondsvIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com formed activation energy – minimum energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com must be inputIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemical system activity series actual yield addition reaction – within organic chemistry, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecules combineIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com larger aeration mixing air skmclasses liquid solid alkali metals metals Group 1 on periodic table alkaline earth metals – metals Group 2 on periodic table allomer substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comdifferent composition another skmclasses.weebly.comcrystalline structure allotropy elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different structures skmclasses.weebly.com therefore different forms IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Carbon diamonds, graphite, skmclasses.weebly.com fullerene anion negatively charge ions anode – positive side dry cell battery cell aromaticity – chemical property conjugated rings IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com results unusual stability. See IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com benzene atom – chemical element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com smallest form, skmclasses.weebly.com made up neutrons skmclasses.weebly.comprotons within nucleus skmclasses.weebly.comelectrons circling nucleus atomic mass unit atomic number number representing IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com corresponds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com number protons within nucleus atomic orbital region IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron atom may be found atomic radius average atomic mass Avogadro’s law Avogadro’s number number particles mole substance ( 6.02×10^23 ) barometer deviceIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measure pressure atmosphere base substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts proton skmclasses.weebly.com high pH; common example sodium hydroxide (NaOH biochemistry chemistry organisms boiling phase transition liquid vaporizing boiling point temperature IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com substance startsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com boil boiling-point elevation process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com boiling point elevated adding substance bond – attraction skmclasses.weebly.com repulsion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atoms skmclasses.weebly.com molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com cornerstone Boyle’s law Brønsted-Lowrey acid chemical species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates proton Brønsted–Lowry acid–base reaction Brønsted-Lowrey base – chemical species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts proton buffered solution – IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com aqueous solution consisting weak acid skmclasses.weebly.comits conjugate base weak base skmclasses.weebly.comits conjugate acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com resists changes pH IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com strong acids basesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com added burette (IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com buret glasswareIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dispense specific amounts liquid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com precision necessary titration skmclasses.weebly.com resource dependent reactions example combustion catalyst chemical compoundIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com change rate IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com speed up slow down reaction,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com regenerated at end reaction cation – positively charged ion centrifuge equipmentIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com separate substances based on density rotating tubes around centred axis cell potential force galvanic cell IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com pulls electron through reducing agentIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidizing agent chemical Law certain rules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com pertain IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com laws nature skmclasses.weebly.comchemistry – examples chemical reaction – change one IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com substances skmclassesanother multiple substances colloid mixture evenly dispersed substances such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comm milks combustion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exothermic 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Hardinge Road old name Pampa Mahakavi Road. sometime, Cunningham Road crowded bazaar being called Sampangi Ramaswamy Temple Road Race Course Road became Devraj Urs Road National Public School, Rajajinagar 1036-A, Purandarapura, V Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore skmclasses.weebly.comGrant Road became Vittal Mallya Road IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two Vittal Mallya Roads skmclasses bund Sampangi Tank Kanteerava Stadium Gear Innovative International School GEAR Road, Doddakannelli, Off Sarjapur Road & Outer Ring Road, Bangalore IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com built MacIver Town Shantala Nagar Assayee Road Meanee Road those names commemoration wars fought Madras New Horizon Gurukul Ring Road Marathalli, Behind New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore , Bangalore IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Sappers, BGS National Public School Ramalingeshwara Cave Temple Hulimavu, Bangalore IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Presidency School (Bangalore – East) CA Site 7P1A, 2nd A Main, 3rd A cross, East of NGEF Layout, Kasturinagar, Bangalore British Army against Marathas first decade 19th century Basavanagudi, meaning temple Basava skmclasses.weebly.com big bull situated area reason behind naming area Basavanagudi extension skmclassesformed around 1900. Gandhi Bazar, earlier known merely Angadi Beedhi School Of India Anekal Road, Bannerghatta, Bangalore skmclasses formed Kumarapark came skmclasses existence 1947, year Indian Independence, whereas Jayanagar skmclasses.weebly.comRajajinagarIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com thought year later 1948 skmclasses.weebly.com orchards Bangalore Palace skmclasses developed housing colony skmclasses.weebly.comnamed Sadashivanagar 1960,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Orchids The International School Jalahalli, Nagarbavi, Mysore Road, Sarjapur Road, BTM, Bangalore well-known freedom fighter Dakshina Kannada Karnad Sadashiva Rao BVK Iyengar Road Byappana Halli Byatarayanapura Byrasandra C.V Raman Nagar Cambridge Layout Cambridge Road Cantonment Carmelaram Castle Street Central Street Chamarajapet Shanthi Theatre South End Circle INOX Shree Garuda Swagath Mall, 4th Floor, Tilak Nagar Main Road INOX Bangalore Central-2, 5th Floor, 45th Cross Maheshwari Theater Bannerghatta Main Road Gopalan Cinemas Gopalan Innovation Mall, JP Nagar 3rd Phase Chandapura Chandra Layout Global Academy For Learning Sri Chowdeshwari Farm, Near Global Village IT Park, National Public School, HSR Layout P2/32, Sector 4, HSR Layout Bangalore Pattanagere Main Road, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bangalore Chickpet Chikkabanavara Chikkadugodi Chikkallasandra Chikkamavalli Cholara Palya Chowdeshwari Temple Street Chunchagatta Church Street Clevelskmclasses.weebly.com Town CMH Road Coles Park Commercial Street Commissariat Road Cooke Town Corporation Circle Cottonpet Cox Town Crescent Road Cubbon Park Cubbon Road Cubbonpet Cunningham Road Dairy Circle Dasara Halli Dasarahalli Devaiah Park Devana Halli Devanahalli Devara Chikkana Halli Devara Jeevana Halli Devasandra Dharmaram College Dickenson Road Dispensary Road Dodda Banaswadi Dodda Bommasandra Dodda Kallasandra Dodda Kanna Hally Dodda Mavalli Doddaballapur Road Doddaballapura Doddana Kundi Dollars Colony Domlur Domlur 2nd Stage Domlur Ring Road Dooravani Nagar Dr. Ambedkar Veedhi Dr. DVG Road Delhi Public School, South 11 K.M., kanakapura Road Konanakunte Post, Bangalore Dr. Raj Kumar Road Dr. TCM Royan Road Ejipura Electronic City Field Marshal Cariappa Road Frazer Town Ganapathi Nagar Gandhi Bazaar Gandhi Nagar Ganga Nagar Gangadhar Chetty Road Ganigarpet Garvebhavi Palya Gavipuram Extension Gayathri Nagar Geddala Halli Geddalahalli Giri Nagar Giri Nagar 1st Phase Giri Nagar 2nd Phase GM Palya Gokula Golf Course Road Gorgunte Palya Govindaraj Nagar Green Park Extension, Guddada Halli Gundopanth Street National Public School, Indiranagar 12 A Main HAL II Stage, Bangalore H.Siddaiah Road Haines Road HAL HAL 2nd Stage HAL 3rd Stage HAL Airport Road Hampi Nagar Hanumantha Nagar Hayes Road HBR Layout Hebbal Kempapura Hebbal Ring Road Hegde Nagar Heggana Halli Hennur Hesaraghatta HKP Road HMT Layout Hongasandra Hoody Horamavu Hosakere Halli photochemistry photooxidation piperidines polyanions polycations polycycles polymers Porphyrins prostaglandins 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Training iPhone Development Training Mobile Application Testing Training Mobile Gaming Training Mobile Application Development Training Oakridge International School Oakridge International School, Sarjapur Road, , Bangalore School of India, Bannerghatta, Bangalore Delhi Public School DPS North Campus, Yelahanka, Bangalore Jain International Residential School (JIRS), Jakkasandra Post, Bangalore Delhi Public School (DPS East), Sarjapur, Bangalore TREAMIS World School, Electronics City, Bangalore South Delhi Public School (South), Kanakapura Road, Bangalore The Deen’s Academy, Whitefield, Bangalore National Public School (NPS), Koramangala, Bangalore Royale Concorde International School, Kalyan Nagar, Bangalore Freedom International School, HSR Layout, Bangalore Air Force School Army Public School Bangalore Military School BGS International School Cambridge Public School Delhi Public School Deva Matha Central School Jain International Residential School Kendriya Vidyalaya A M C School 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Krishnamurthi Aurinko Academy Chetana Kini Institute Samarthanam Residential School XSeed Schools Mirambika School New Age Sri Aurobindo Mother Teresa Public School curriculum Chrysalis High List of Schools Achievers International Academy ACTS Secondary School Amaatra Academy Amar Jyothi School Amrita Vidyalayam Army Public School Asia Pacific World School Aurinko Academy B Mona High School Baldwin Boys High School Baldwin Girls High School Bangalore International School Bangalore School Bethany High Bethany Junior School BGS-NPS School Bishop Cotton Boys School Bishop Cotton Girls School Brigade School British International School BRS Global Centre for Excellence BVM Global Cambridge Public School Candor International School Capitol Public School Cathedral High School Chinmaya Vidyalaya Christ Academy Chrysalis High CMR National Public School Delhi Public School Deva Matha Central School Edify School Ekya School EuroSchool Freedom International School Gear School Geethanjali Montessori Geethanjali Vidhyalaya Gitanjali International (GISB) Global Indian International School Gnan Srishti School Gomathy Global School Gopalan School Green County Public School Greengrove International School Greenwood High Harvest International School India International School Innisfree House School JSS Public School Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV) Lawrence School ICSE Lawrence School-State Magnolia Maaruti Public School Manipal Tattva School Mirambika School for New Age Mother Teresa Public School National Centre for Excellence National Hill View Public School National Public School New Horizon Gurukul New Horizon Public School Nitte International School Notre Dame Academy Oakridge International School Oxford Public School Parachute Regiment School Paradise Residential School Patel Public School Podar International School Prakriya Green Wisdom School Presidency School Primus School PSBB LLA Radcliffe School Ravindra Bharathi Global School Ryan International School Sadhguru Sainath International School Samarthanam Residential School SFS High School Sherwood High Shibumi Silver Oaks Sishu Griha Sri Chaitanya Techno School Sri Kumaran Childrens Home Sri Rakum School for the blind St Francis School St Johns High School St Mira School St Thomas Public School St. Patrick’s Academy St. Peters School Sujaya School Sunrise International Residential School The Samhita Academy Trio World School Vagdevi Vilas School Venkat International Public School Vibgyor High Vidyaniketan School Vyasa International School Whitefield Global School Xseed Pre-School Zee School
Primary Years Programme Colegio Anglo Mexicano MEXICO Milgate Primary School, AUSTRALIA Diploma Programme Australian International School Indonesia Pejaten Campus INDONESIA Instituto Educativa Fiscomisional Celina Vivar Espinosa, ECUADOR Unidad Educativa Juan de Salinas, ECUADOR Primary Years Programme Academia Moderna Charter, UNITED STATES Beacon School BRAZIL Dr. Orlando Edreira Academy, School 26, UNITED STATES Westhill Institute Carpatos Elementary Campus, MEXICO Westhill Institute, S.C. 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Institution Kogalym Secondary School ?8, RUSSIAN FEDERATION Phorms Bilingual Gymnasium, GERMANY Royal High School, UNITED STATES SIS Swiss International School Stuttgart-Fellbach, GERMANY Seedling Public School INDIA The British School of Beijing CHINA Unidad Educativa Fiscal Experimental del Milenio, ECUADOR Unidad Educativa Juan de Velasco ECUADOR Unidad Educativa Tumbaco, ECUADOR École secondaire Gaétan Gervais, CANADA École secondaire Hanmer CANADA Stonehill International School American School of Bombay Mumbai Day school offering PYP MYP DP Dhirubhai Ambani International School Mumbai Day school offering DP Ecole Mondiale World School, Mumbai Day school offering DP Jamnabai Narsee School Mumbai Day school offering DP Ahmedabad International School Ahmedabad Day School offering PYP Mahatma Gandhi International School Ahmedabad Day school offering MYP Mahindra United World College of India Pune Boarding school offering DP Mercedes-Benz International School Pune American Embassy School Delhi Day school offering DP The British School, Delhi Day school offering DP Pathways World School, Gurgaon Boarding school offering PYP DP SelaQui World School, Dehra Dun Boarding school offering DP Canadian International School, Bangalore Mixed Boarding Day school offering DP International School of Bangalore, Bangalore Mixed Boarding Day school offering DP Oakridge International School Hyderabad Day school offering PYP Chinmaya International Residential School Coimbatore Boarding school offering DP Good Shepherd International School Ooty Boarding school offering DP Kodaikanal International School, Kodaikanal Boarding school offering DP Home Tuition Group teachers available small groupsstudents IB International Baccalaureate Programme, IGCSE, ISc, ICSE, CBSE Schools offering IB ( International Baccalaureate ) Programme Bangalore International School Geddalahalli Hennur Bagalur Road Kothanur Post Bengaluru India 560 077 Stonehill International School, 1st Floor, Embassy Point #150, Infantry Road Bengaluru 560 001 Stonehill International School 259/333/334/335 Tarahunise Post Jala Hobli, Bengaluru North 562157 Candor International School Begur Koppa Road, Hullahalli Off Bannerghatta Road, Near Electronic City Bangalore 560105 Greenwood High International School Bengaluru, No.8-14, Chickkawadayarapura, Near Heggondahalli Gunjur Post, Varthur Sarjapur Road, Bangalore 560087 Sarla Birla Academy, Bannerghatta, Bangalore, Canadian International School, Yelahanka, Bangalore Indus International School Billapura Cross Sarjapur Bangalore
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SKM Classes Bangalore 